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Foreground Detection with Deeply Learned Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Features
摘要： The clinical efficacy and mechanism of Pralatrexate (PTX) combined with Palbociclib Isethionate (PAL) in the treatment of bladder cancer patients was investigated. A retrospective analysis of medical records of 82 bladder cancer patients admitted to Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from February 2015 to February 2018 was performed. Patients treated with PTX combined with PAL served as study group (42 cases) and patients with conventional GC (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) chemotherapy regimen were the control group (40 cases). Changes in liver function indexes before and after treatment were observed, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBil). RT-qPCR was used for detection of relative expression levels of serum dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) before and after treatment in the two groups. The clinical efficacy after treatment and adverse reactions during treatment were observed in the two groups. There was no significant difference in the clinical remission rate (RR) nor in the serum ALT, AST, ALP and TBil levels between the study and the control groups (P>0.05). Concentrations of serum ALT, AST, ALP and TBil were significantly higher than those before treatment in both groups (P<0.05). Serum ALT, AST, ALP and TBil concentrations in study group were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of thrombocytopenia and leukopenia between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in relative expression levels of serum DHFR mRNA and VEGF mRNA before treatment between the study and control groups (P>0.05). Those after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and those after treatment in study group were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). PTX combined with PAL can reduce adverse reactions of nausea and vomiting and liver function impairment during treatment and suppress tumor neovascularization. This is achieved possibly by inhibiting expression levels of DHFR and VEGF, thereby killing cancer cells. PTX combined with PAL may become a new method for the treatment of bladder cancer patients. DHFR and VEGF are expected to become novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of bladder cancer.
关键词： combination therapy,vascular endothelial growth factor,dihydrofolate reductase,bladder cancer,Pralatrex,Palbociclib Isethionate
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Advanced multimodal laser imaging tool for urothelial carcinoma diagnosis (AMPLITUDE)
摘要： The paper presents an overview and concept of the European Union Horizon 2020 project “AMPLITUDE - Advanced Multimodal Photonics Laser Imaging Tool for Urothelial Diagnosis in Endoscopy”. The project aims at the development of a novel label-free, multi-modal imaging tool for urothelial cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring based on ultrafast fiber laser operating in the 3rd biological window with frequency doubling and additional 785 nm CW laser for Raman spectroscopy. The tool corresponds to clinical needs for better diagnosis of the pathohistological staging of tumours and in-vivo endoscopic assessment of depth of lesion invasiveness.
关键词： 3rd biological window,multiphoton imaging,bladder cancer,confocal microscopy,short-pulsed laser
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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PET/CT imaging with a <sup>18</sup> F-labeled galactodendritic unit in a galectin-1 overexpressing orthotopic bladder cancer model
摘要： Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins overexpressed in bladder cancer (BCa) cells. Dendritic galactose moieties have a high affinity for galectin-expressing tumor cells. We radiolabeled a dendritic galactose carbohydrate with fluorine-18 – 18F-labeled galactodendritic unit 4 – and examined its potential in imaging urothelial malignancies. Methods: The 18F-labeled 1st generation galactodendritic unit 4 was obtained from its tosylate precursor. We conducted in vivo studies in galectin-expressing UMUC3 orthotopic BCa model to determine the ability of 18F-labeled galactodendritic unit 4 to image BCa. Results: Intravesical administration of 18F-labeled galactodendritic unit 4 allowed specific accumulation of the carbohydrate radiotracer in galectin-1 overexpressing UMUC3 orthotopic tumors when imaged with PET. The 18F-labeled galactodendritic unit 4 was not found to accumulate in non-tumor murine bladders. Conclusion: The 18F-labeled galactodendritic unit 4 and similar analogs may be clinically relevant and exploitable for PET imaging of galectin-1 overexpressing bladder tumors.
关键词： PET/CT imaging,bladder cancer,18F-radiochemistry,galectins,dendritic carbohydrate
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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The effect of holmium laser resection versus standard transurethral resection on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
摘要： To explore the advantages and limitations of holmium laser resection of the bladder tumor (HOLRBT) versus standard transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the eligible studies were selected from the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Studies comparing HOLRBT and TURBT for patients with NMIBC were included. The outcomes of interest were time of operation, catheterization and hospitalization, rates of recurrence, and perioperative complications, including obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, bladder irritation, and urethral stricture. Results of all data were compared and analyzed by Review Manager 5.3. A total of 9 comparative studies were finally included for this analysis. Pooled data demonstrated that HOLRBT significantly reduced the time to catheterization and hospitalization, the rate of recurrence in 2 years of follow-up, obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, and bladder irritation, compared with those in TURBT, respectively. However, no significant difference found between HOLRBT and TURBT in the time of operation, rate of recurrence in 1-year follow-up, and urethral stricture. The results of this research reached that HOLRBT would be a better choice than TURBT for patients with NMIBC.
关键词： Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer,Meta-analysis,Transurethral resection,Holmium laser
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Graphene Quantum Dots: Efficient Mechanosynthesis, White-Light and Broad Linearly Excitation-Dependent Photoluminescence and Growth Inhibition on Bladder Cancer Cells
摘要： Heteroatom-doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in luminescent materials and biology. In this work, we developed a solvent-free gram-scale mechanochemical method for the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) with the highest solubility (31 mg/mL) in water reported to date. Commercial graphite was sheared and cut through grinding with solid melamine, then ground with solid KOH to get sub-5-nm-sized, 1-3-layered N-GQDs. Notably, these N-GQDs exhibit white-light emission and a broad excitation-dependent full-color photoluminescence from 463 nm to 672 nm. When the excitation light ranged from 325 nm to 485 nm, these mechanochemically-obtained N-GQDs exhibited bright white-light emission. Intriguingly, the change of emission wavelength has two-stage linear relationships with the change of the excitation, and the inflection point is at 580 nm (excited at 550 nm). The difference between the emission and excitation wavelength decreases from 138 to 12 nm, which also shows two-stage linear relationships with the change of the excitation wavelength. It is notable that the PL quantum yields of them are high, up to 26.6%. Furthermore, we studied the inhabitation of as-obtained N-GQDs on bladder cancer cells (UMUC-3); as a result, with the increase of the concentration of N-GQDs, the proliferation of cancer cells was obviously prohibited.
关键词： bladder cancer cells,nitrogen-doped,mechanochemical method,photoluminescence,graphene quantum dots
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Transurethral holmium laser resection and transurethral electrocision combined with intravesical epirubicin within 24 hours postoperatively for treatment of bladder cancer
摘要： Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of transurethral holmium laser resection (THOLR) and transurethral electrocision (TUR) combined with intravesical epirubicin within 24 hours postoperatively for treatment of non-muscular invasive bladder cancer. Methods: A total of 218 consecutive patients who were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer were enrolled in this prospective study from July 2014 to December 2017. The patients were randomly divided into THOLR and TUR groups. All patients received intravesical epirubicin (30 mg dissolved in 5% glucose solution) within 24 hours postoperatively. The operation time, blood loss, rate of obturator reflex, hospitalization time, catheterization time, complications, and recurrence were analyzed. Results: Operation, hospitalization, and catheterization times were significantly greater in the TUR group than in the THOLR group. The rates of blood loss and intraoperative obturator reflex were also significantly greater in the TUR group. There were no significant differences in complications, recurrence rate survival, or recurrence-free survival between the two groups, with the exception of bladder perforation rate. Conclusions: THOLR and TUR combined with intravesical epirubicin within 24 hours postoperatively were both safe and effective for treatment of bladder tumor; however, patients who undergo THOLR might experience more rapid recovery.
关键词： epirubicin,catheterization,obturator reflex,bladder cancer,intravesical chemotherapy,Transurethral holmium laser resection,transurethral electrocision,hospitalization,surgical blood loss
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Low‐resolution fiber‐optic Raman spectroscopy for bladder cancer diagnosis: A comparison study of varying laser power, integration time, and classification methods
摘要： In our previous work, we have demonstrated the great diagnostic potential of a low‐resolution Raman sensing system for bladder cancer through ex vivo experiments. Before forwarding this technique into clinical applications, the system's performance under different experimental conditions must be thoroughly understood. In this paper, a comparison study of this system under different experimental conditions and post‐experiment analysis methods is presented. The different experiment conditions includes two major parts: (a) varying the incident laser power at sample from 30 to 150 mW (30‐mW interval) with fixed integration time of 1 s; (b) varying integration time of 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, and 5 s, with a fixed incident laser power of 150 mW. A total number of 2,916 spectra were collected on 42 bladder tissue specimens under different experimental conditions. Three principal component analysis (PCA)‐based classification methods, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN), are used in this study for comparison. Results show that increasing the incident laser power has little influence on the overall prediction accuracy; increasing the integration time from 1 to 5 s has a clear improvement on the prediction accuracy; PCA–ANN outperforms PCA–LDA and PCA–SVM consistently under the parameter settings in this study.
关键词： Raman spectroscopy,low resolution,bladder cancer,PCA
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Can routine outpatient follow-up of patients with bladder cancer be improved? A multicenter prospective observational assessment of blue light flexible cystoscopy and fulguration
摘要： The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the feasibility of incorporating blue light flexible cystoscopy (BLFC) and biopsy/fulguration into routine outpatient follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients. The study included patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who were scheduled for routine follow-up. Hexaminolevulinate was instilled in the outpatient department, and the bladder was examined under white light and then with BLFC. Biopsies were taken from all suspicious lesions. Small tumors and suspicious lesions were fulgurated on site; patients with larger lesions were referred to the operating room for resection. The study included 69 patients, with a mean age of 70 years (range 33–89 years) and a mean duration since NMIBC diagnosis of 8 years. Most patients had high-grade cancer at initial diagnosis (52/69) and were at high risk of recurrence (48/69). Two patients per hour could be assessed using outpatient BLFC. Preparation and instillation of hexaminolevulinate took less than 10 minutes per patient, and patients had an additional waiting time of 45–60 minutes following instillation, while the hexaminolevulinate solution was retained in the bladder before examination. Eleven patients had histologically confirmed tumors that were identified using both white light flexible cystoscopy and BLFC. An additional three patients had tumors that were identified by BLFC only: two with Ta tumors and one with carcinoma in situ. Of the 14 patients with confirmed tumors, 11 could be managed on site with fulguration, whereas three were referred to the operating room. No adverse events attributable to BLFC were reported. Routine outpatient management of patients with NMIBC using BLFC and on-site biopsy/fulguration is feasible, despite the additional time required for hexaminolevulinate instillation, and appears to allow early detection of recurrent lesions, which can be fulgurated without the need for hospitalization.
关键词： hexaminolevulinate,diagnosis,outpatients,bladder cancer,flexible cystoscopy,blue light
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Combination of High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Improved Staging and Grading in Bladder Cancer
摘要： We present a combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) for improved diagnosis and discrimination of different stages and grades of bladder cancer ex vivo by linking the complementary information provided by these two techniques. Bladder samples were obtained from biopsies dissected via transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT). As OCT provides structural information rapidly, it was used as a red-flag technology to scan the bladder wall for suspicious lesions with the ability to discriminate malignant tissue from healthy urothelium. Upon identification of degenerated tissue via OCT, RS was implemented to determine the molecular characteristics via point measurements at suspicious sites. Combining the complementary information of both modalities allows not only for staging, but also for differentiation of low-grade and high-grade cancer based on a multivariate statistical analysis. OCT was able to clearly differentiate between healthy and malignant tissue by tomogram inspection and achieved an accuracy of 71% in the staging of the tumor, from pTa to pT2, through texture analysis followed by k-nearest neighbor classification. RS yielded an accuracy of 93% in discriminating low-grade from high-grade lesions via principal component analysis followed by k-nearest neighbor classification. In this study, we show the potential of a multi-modal approach with OCT for fast pre-screening and staging of cancerous lesions followed by RS for enhanced discrimination of low-grade and high-grade bladder cancer in a non-destructive, label-free and non-invasive way.
关键词： principal component analysis (PCA),Raman spectroscopy (RS),k-nearest neighbor classification (kNN),bladder cancer,optical coherence tomography (OCT)
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Transient liver toxicity as a result of the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic diagnosis in patients with bladder cancer
摘要： The clinical benefit of PDD-assisted TURBT with 5-ALA is evident from several studies.1–3 We carried out a phase III study of this new diagnostic technique in Japan using a preoperative oral administration of 20 mg/kg 5-ALA.2 On the basis of the reported high diagnostic accuracy and good safety profile, oral 5-ALA has been approved as an intraoperative diagnostic drug in Japan since December 2017. The toxicity induced by 5-ALA is reported to be low, because 5-ALA is a non-fluorescent natural amino acid produced by the mitochondria in animals and plants.3,4 However, 5-ALA administered into the body is predominantly incorporated by the liver, kidney, muscle and malignant tumor tissue, and metabolized to protoporphyrin IX in a heme synthetic pathway.5,6 Administration of 5-ALA is associated with a potential risk of liver toxicity as a result of the substantial accumulation of its metabolites.6,7 Although evidence regarding its liver toxicity has been reported in Europe and the USA, such data are significantly lacking for Japanese patients. In the present study, we systematically evaluated liver parameter reactions in patients with bladder cancer who underwent 5-ALA-mediated PDD-TURBT to recommend the routine surveillance required in the regular clinical setting.
关键词： liver toxicity,5-aminolevulinic acid,photodynamic diagnosis,bladder cancer
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46