- 标题
- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications || Energy Harvesting in Next-Generation Cellular Networks
摘要： To handle the explosive growth of mobile traffic, next-generation cellular network will deploy more and more small-cell BSs (SBSs) in addition to the macro base stations (MBSs). The resultant network, namely, the heterogeneous network (HetNet), provides capacity boost on one hand but brings more energy consumption with the densely deployed SBSs on the other hand. In fact, due to the dynamics of wireless traffic load, many BSs are lightly loaded but almost work at their peak power, due to the elements like power amplifiers and supporting circuits. Unfortunately, these BSs can hardly be turned off for the coverage guarantee. To solve this problem, a new separation architecture called hyper-cellular network (HCN) is proposed, and the main idea is to decouple the function of control signaling from the function of data transmission, such that the data coverage can match the traffic dynamics in a more elastic way. Under HCN, SBSs are only utilized for high data rate transmission, whereas MBSs guarantee the network coverage and provide low data rate service. Therefore, SBSs can be turned off to save energy without worrying about the user coverage. To this end, its nature is to further power SBSs with renewable energy to save more grid power consumption. However, due to the randomness of renewable energy arrivals, it is challenging to manage wireless resource and the on-off states of energy harvesting (EH) BSs. It can be more challenging in HCN. First, diverse types of SBSs may be equipped with different kinds of energy sources, making the energy arrival statistically nonuniform over the space. In addition, the traffic load is nonevenly distributed across different base station (BS) tiers and also not in accordance with the energy arrivals over the spatial and temporal domains. To this end, on top of the techniques introduced in Chapter 4, in HCN the key to match the random energy arrival with the traffic load variation over time and space is to jointly optimize the working states of SBSs and the user traffic offloading. Although traffic offloading has been extensively studied in grid-powered cellular networks, the conventional offloading methods cannot be directly applied as they do not consider the energy states of BSs. Accordingly, energy-aware traffic offloading schemes are needed, and some energy-aware traffic offloading schemes have been proposed for single-tier homogeneous networks and two-tier HCN with one renewable energy-powered SBS, respectively. In the first part of the chapter, we will illustrate how to coordinate the on-off switching of SBSs with inter-tier traffic offloading, under the scenario with different types of SBSs, powered by various energy sources. The goal is to minimize the on-grid power consumption of the whole HCN system while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements of users. Another emerging technology of next-generation cellular networks is to exploit edge caching with proactive services, like push. While the initial motivation of proactive caching and push is to reduce the duplicated content transmissions, and thus reduce the core network traffic load as well as the content delivery delay, it is also beneficial to address the mismatch between the energy and traffic in renewable energy-powered SBSs. Specifically, the contents can be cached at the storage of SBSs and then pushed to users earlier than the actual demands when there is sufficient harvested energy. The users can successfully get the contents when they actually require it even if at that time the SBS does not have enough energy for transmission. Consequently, the energy waste due to the battery overflow can be avoided as the harvested energy can be used effectively and timely. It can be viewed as transferring the harvested energy along with the timeline to the future to match the random energy arrival with the traffic needs. In the second part of this chapter, we will demonstrate the concept of integrating proactive service provisioning with EH HCN and provide a detailed study on the optimal policy design for content push from an EH-based SBS.
关键词： push,cellular networks,renewable energy,proactive caching,traffic offloading,quality of service,small-cell base stations,Markov decision process,Energy harvesting,hyper-cellular network
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Planning Solar in Energy-Managed Cellular Networks
摘要： Recently, there has been a lot of interest on the energy efficiency and environmental impact of wireless networks. Given that the base stations are the network elements that use most of this energy, much research has dealt with ways to reduce the energy used by the base stations by turning them off during periods of low load. In addition to this, installing a solar harvesting system made up of solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters is another way to further reduce the network environmental impact, and some research has been dealing with this for individual base stations. In this paper, we show that both techniques are tightly coupled. We propose a mathematical model that captures the synergy between solar installation over a network and the dynamic operation of energy-managed base stations. We study the interactions between the two methods for networks of hundreds of base stations and show that the order in which each method is introduced into the system does make a difference in terms of cost and performance. We also show that installing solar is not always the best solution even when the unit cost of the solar energy is smaller than the grid cost. We conclude that planning the solar installation and energy management of the base stations has to be done jointly.
关键词： Cellular networks,solar power,energy management,sleep mode
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Inorganic cesium-lead mixed halide perovskite p-i-n solar cells deposited using layer-by-layer vacuum deposition technique
摘要： Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetCNets) offer a promising solution to cope with the current cellular coverage crunch. Due to the large transmit power disparity, while following maximum power received (MPR) association scheme, a larger number of users are associated with macro-cell BS (MBS) than small-cell BSs (SBSs). Therefore, an imbalance load arrangement takes place across the HetCNets. Hence, using cell range expansion-based cell association, we can balance the load across the congested MBS. However, using MPR association scheme, users’ of?oading leads to two challenges: 1) macro-cell interference, in which the MBS interferes with the of?oaded users, and 2) coupled downlink-uplink cell association, in which a random user associates with a single tier’s base station (BS) both in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. This paper aims to address these problems while considering a two-tier scenario consisting of small-cell and macro-cell tiers. For the MBS interference mitigation, we employ a reverse frequency allocation (RFA) scheme. Besides coupled DL–UL association (Co-DUA), this paper also highlights the notion of decoupled DL–UL association (De-DUA). In De-DUA, a random user associates with two different tiers’ BSs, i.e., with one tier’s BS in the DL direction and with the other tier’s BS in the UL direction. Our results illustrate that, in comparison with the Co-DUA, De-DUA with RFA employment achieves a better coverage performance.
关键词： small-cell BSs,decoupled downlink-uplink association,Heterogeneous cellular networks,coverage performance,reverse frequency allocation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW) - YILAN, Taiwan (2019.5.20-2019.5.22)] 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW) - Basic Study on Measurement of Multiple Users' Breathing by Using Far Infrared Imaging
摘要： Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetCNets) offer a promising solution to cope with the current cellular coverage crunch. Due to the large transmit power disparity, while following maximum power received (MPR) association scheme, a larger number of users are associated with macro-cell BS (MBS) than small-cell BSs (SBSs). Therefore, an imbalance load arrangement takes place across the HetCNets. Hence, using cell range expansion-based cell association, we can balance the load across the congested MBS. However, using MPR association scheme, users’ of?oading leads to two challenges: 1) macro-cell interference, in which the MBS interferes with the of?oaded users, and 2) coupled downlink-uplink cell association, in which a random user associates with a single tier’s base station (BS) both in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. This paper aims to address these problems while considering a two-tier scenario consisting of small-cell and macro-cell tiers. For the MBS interference mitigation, we employ a reverse frequency allocation (RFA) scheme. Besides coupled DL–UL association (Co-DUA), this paper also highlights the notion of decoupled DL–UL association (De-DUA). In De-DUA, a random user associates with two different tiers’ BSs, i.e., with one tier’s BS in the DL direction and with the other tier’s BS in the UL direction. Our results illustrate that, in comparison with the Co-DUA, De-DUA with RFA employment achieves a better coverage performance.
关键词： reverse frequency allocation,small-cell BSs,decoupled downlink-uplink association,Heterogeneous cellular networks,coverage performance
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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An Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Lateral-Offset Spliced Seven-Core Fiber for Bending and Stretching Strain Measurement
摘要： Large-scale user behavior can be used as the guidance for deployment, con?guration, and service control in heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). However, in wireless networks, large-scale user behavior (in terms of traf?c ?uctuation in spatial domain) follows inhomogeneous distribution, which brings enormous challenges to energy-ef?cient design of HCNs. In this paper, the heterogeneity of large-scale user behavior is quantitatively characterized and exploited to study the energy ef?ciency (EE) in HCNs. An optimization problem is formulated for energy-ef?cient two-tier deployment and con?guration, where the base station (BS) density, BS transmit power, BS static power, and quality of service are taken into account. We present closed-form formulas that establish the quantitative relationship between large-scale user behavior and energy-ef?cient HCN con?guration. These results can be used to determine BS density and BS transmit power with the objective of achieving optimal EE. Furthermore, we present three energy-ef?cient control strategies of micro BSs, including micro BS sleep control, coverage expansion control, and coverage shrinking control. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate that the proposed control strategies can potentially lead to signi?cant power savings.
关键词： large-scale user behavior,resource management,Heterogeneous cellular networks,energy ef?ciency,traf?c.
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO) - Macao (2019.7.22-2019.7.26)] 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO) - Acoustic characterization of laser-induced graphene film thermoacoustic loudspeakers
摘要： Cellular networks are now nearly universally deployed and are under ever-growing pressure to increase the volume of data deliverable to consumers. Understanding how base stations (BSs) are spatially deployed could prominently facilitate the performance analyses of cellular networks, as well as the design of efficient networking protocols. In this letter, inspired by the clustering reality of BSs and the intrinsic heavy-tailed characteristics of human activities, we aim to re-examine the statistical pattern of BSs in cellular networks, and find the most appropriate spatial density distribution of BSs. Interestingly, by taking advantage of large amount of realistic deployment information of BSs from on-operating cellular networks, we find that the widely adopted Poisson distribution severely diverges from the practical density distribution of BSs. Instead, heavy-tailed distributions could more precisely match the practical distribution. In particular, α-stable distribution, the distribution also found in traffic pattern of broadband networks and cellular networks, is most consistent with the practical one.
关键词： Cellular networks,Poisson point process,α-stable distribution,base stations,heavy-tailed distributions,spatial density distribution
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall (PIERS - Fall) - Xiamen, China (2019.12.17-2019.12.20)] 2019 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall (PIERS - Fall) - Stealth Design of the Quantum Radar Scattering Based on the Two Typical 2D Targets
摘要： We have developed a robust sensor for mounting on bridges over rivers and streams. These bridge-mounted river stage sensors (BMRSS) make periodic measurements of the distance from the sensor to the water level below. Properly interpreted, these measurements provide river-stage information, data of great importance to society and crucial to effective ?ood forecasting. The traditional approach to river stage measurement is the installation of pipes in rivers, digging stilling wells, and the construction of attendant brick-and-mortar infrastructure. The cost of this approach limits the deployment to larger rivers. In most instances, river-stage data from smaller tributaries are few, even though such data can greatly enhance the quality of ?ood-forecasting models’ outputs. In contrast, BMRSS units are an order of magnitude less expensive and allow for widespread deployment. BMRSS units incorporate an ultrasonic distance-measuring module, a solar panel/battery/charge controller, and a GPS receiver. In recent years, the Internet access through commercial cellular networks has become ubiquitous, even in most rural areas. BMRSS units incorporate cell modems and transmit data through the Internet to servers at the Iowa Flood Center. Here, the data are ingested into relational databases and made available to ?ood forecasting models and information systems. We have deployed and operated more than 220 BMRSS units across Iowa, many for several years continuously.
关键词： hazards,cellular networks,Sensor systems and applications,instrumentation and measurement
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) - Changsha, China (2019.11.8-2019.11.10)] 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) - Frequency Control Strategy and Test Technology of Photovoltaic Power Plant
摘要： Cellular networks are now nearly universally deployed and are under ever-growing pressure to increase the volume of data deliverable to consumers. Understanding how base stations (BSs) are spatially deployed could prominently facilitate the performance analyses of cellular networks, as well as the design of efficient networking protocols. In this letter, inspired by the clustering reality of BSs and the intrinsic heavy-tailed characteristics of human activities, we aim to re-examine the statistical pattern of BSs in cellular networks, and find the most appropriate spatial density distribution of BSs. Interestingly, by taking advantage of large amount of realistic deployment information of BSs from on-operating cellular networks, we find that the widely adopted Poisson distribution severely diverges from the practical density distribution of BSs. Instead, heavy-tailed distributions could more precisely match the practical distribution. In particular, α-stable distribution, the distribution also found in traffic pattern of broadband networks and cellular networks, is most consistent with the practical one.
关键词： heavy-tailed distributions,α-stable distribution,base stations,spatial density distribution,Poisson point process,Cellular networks
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2018 2nd European Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) - Bern, Switzerland (2018.12.20-2018.12.22)] 2018 2nd European Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) - An Extraction Method for the Parameters of the Solar Cell Single-Diode-Model
摘要： To satisfy the requirement of high wireless transmission rate from user terminals, the multi-cell cooperative communication is an important solution for cellular networks. The selection of cooperative cells is usually depended on every wireless single cellular coverage boundary in cellular networks. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of wireless single cellular coverage boundary based on real measured data. Moreover, the alpha-stable processes are first proposed to model the wireless single cellular coverage boundary. Simulation results indicate that probability density functions of wireless single cellular coverage boundary can be fitted by alpha-stable processes with 95% confidence interval based on the real measured data. This result provides a basis for cooperative communications considering the anisotropic fading characteristic of wireless signal propagation in wireless single cellular coverage region.
关键词： channel estimation,Cellular networks,wireless communication,shape measurement
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Interleaved Readout of Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) for Correlated Noise Reduction
摘要： Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetCNets) offer a promising solution to cope with the current cellular coverage crunch. Due to the large transmit power disparity, while following maximum power received (MPR) association scheme, a larger number of users are associated with macro-cell BS (MBS) than small-cell BSs (SBSs). Therefore, an imbalance load arrangement takes place across the HetCNets. Hence, using cell range expansion-based cell association, we can balance the load across the congested MBS. However, using MPR association scheme, users’ of?oading leads to two challenges: 1) macro-cell interference, in which the MBS interferes with the of?oaded users, and 2) coupled downlink-uplink cell association, in which a random user associates with a single tier’s base station (BS) both in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. This paper aims to address these problems while considering a two-tier scenario consisting of small-cell and macro-cell tiers. For the MBS interference mitigation, we employ a reverse frequency allocation (RFA) scheme. Besides coupled DL–UL association (Co-DUA), this paper also highlights the notion of decoupled DL–UL association (De-DUA). In De-DUA, a random user associates with two different tiers’ BSs, i.e., with one tier’s BS in the DL direction and with the other tier’s BS in the UL direction. Our results illustrate that, in comparison with the Co-DUA, De-DUA with RFA employment achieves a better coverage performance.
关键词： small-cell BSs,decoupled downlink-uplink association,Heterogeneous cellular networks,coverage performance,reverse frequency allocation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57