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Copper-Based Volumetric Filler Dedicated for Ag Paste for Depositing the Front Electrodes by Printing on Solar Si Cells
摘要： In this work we present research results on a new paste NPCuXX (where: NP—new paste, CuXX—component, XX—a modifier consisting of Ni and other important elements) based on a copper composite (CuXX) for fabrication of front electrodes in silicon solar cells. The CuXX composite is obtained by chemical processing of copper powder particles and can be used in two ways: as an additive to commercially available paste or as a base material for a new paste, NPCuXX. The CuXX offers the possibility to exchange up to 30 and 50 wt.% Ag into Cu, which significantly decreases the solar cells material costs, and therefore, the overall solar cell price. Emphasis was placed on a proper mass suitable fabrication process of the CuXX component. The NPCuXX paste has been applied both to conventional cell structures such as aluminum-back surface field (Al-BSF) and passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), and finally solar cells with front electrodes deposited by screen-printing method were fabricated and characterized by current-voltage techniques. This paper reports the first implementation of the copper volumetric material into a screen print paste used in a high-temperature metallization process to fabricate the front contacts of Si solar cells with a highest fill factor of 77.92 and 77.69% for the abovementioned structures, respectively.
关键词： crystalline silicon solar cells,front electrode,copper-based volumetric filler
更新于2025-11-14 17:04:02
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In Situ Measurement of Phase Boundary Kinetics during Initial Lithiation of Crystalline Silicon through Picosecond Ultrasonics
摘要： Studying the kinetics of phase transformation and phase boundary propagation during initial lithiation of silicon electrodes in lithium ion batteries is relevant to understanding their performance. Such studies are usually challenging due to the difficulties in measuring the phase boundary velocity in the interior of the sample. Here we introduce a non-invasive, in situ method to measure the progression of the phase boundary in a planar specimen geometry while maintaining well-controlled lithium flux and potential. We developed an apparatus integrating an electrochemical cell with picosecond ultrasonics to probe the propagating phase boundary in real time. Phase propagation during initial lithiation of crystalline silicon, which is an example of a high capacity anode, is investigated. The primary objective of this manuscript is to report on the experimental technique development and some preliminary results. For lithiation normal to the (100) plane, we observe the phase boundary velocity to be approximately 12 pm/s and x to be 3.73 in LixSi under galvanostatic lithiation with a current density of 40 μA/cm2. The growth rate of the lithiated phase and the reaction rate coefficient are examined using a Deal-Grove type model.
关键词： Lithium ion battery,In situ,Phase boundary propagation,Crystalline silicon,Picosecond ultrasonics
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Paris, France (2018.10.14-2018.10.17)] 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Calculation of Degradation Rates of Poly Crystalline Si and CIGS PV Module using Outdoor Linear Interpolation Method
摘要： We propose the method to calculate the degradation rate of PV modules by outdoor linear interpolation method (LIM). Since the reference I-V curves which are based on measured I-V curves and used to LIM are created in each season, transitions of expected I-V curves indicate how PV modules degrade. The degradation rates of not only the maximum power but also the other parameters such as short circuit current and open circuit voltage can be calculated from the expected I-V curves. In this paper, the outdoor degradation rates of poly crystalline Si and CIGS were calculated. As a result, in poly crystalline Si case, the degradation rate of maximum power was calculated as -0.4 %/year due to short circuit current reduction. In CIGS case, although the initial power generation performance was better than the datasheet value, the annual degradation rate of the maximum power was calculated as -2.1 %/year. The reason of maximum power reduction was the reduction of both short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage.
关键词： photovoltaic module,CIGS,poly crystalline silicon,degradation,linear interpolation method
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Simulation of Optical and Electrical Losses of PV Modules in Moderate and Desert Conditions
摘要： Measurements of the PV modules are based on standard test conditions. However, PV modules have significant difference in performance based on the locations, environmental conditions and mounting situation. One of the environmental factors which influence the performance of the PV module is the spectrum of incident light on the PV module. In this paper, we compare the optical reflection losses, thermal losses as well as electricity production of modules under moderate (AM1.5) and desert-like spectrums (AM1.0). The results show quantitatively that thermalization has the highest loss portion with an average of 29.5% of the total incoming power density for both spectrums. The highest relative change is for absorption of light in polymer encapsulant especially between 280-400 nm with 24.3% and total resistive losses (in cell and interconnection) with 21.3% extra losses from desert to moderate conditions. Finally, we show that similar modules in desert climate produce 5% extra power gain while it suffers from 7.2% extra heat and 5% extra reflections.
关键词： Photovoltaic cells,Si PV Modelling,Metrology and Characterization,PV,Crystalline Silicon PV
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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An investigation on determinants of silver paste metallization contact performance on crystalline silicon solar cells
摘要： Since the application of silver (Ag) electrodes is of vital importance to the power output of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, the factors affecting Ag paste metallization contact performance on Si wafers need to get well understood. Herein, the correlation of Ag/Si contact resistivity and glasses used in Ag paste was studied comprehensively. Here taken for exemplification are three types of glass samples used in Ag paste, because the application of them can result in obvious differences in the contact interface characteristics as well as in the contact resistivity. It was found that the factors affecting contact resistivity include the formation of Ag colloids in the glass phase, the doping concentration in the contacted Si surface, and the fixed charge density and defect states density at the interface. In terms of these issues, the key functions and mechanisms of glasses used in Ag paste are elucidated, and also their effects on electrical performance of cells are discussed in this article.
关键词： glass frit,metallization contact,contact resistivity,crystalline silicon solar cells,silver paste
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Dependence of the Optimization of the Front Grid Design in Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact c-Si Solar Cells on the Finger Width and the Aspect Ratio
摘要： In this research, modeling was performed to optimize the grid of the front surface of a solar cell with the passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) structure by considering the recombination characteristics. The front surface recombination velocity can be reduced in two main ways. The first method is to reduce the emitter Auger recombination by lowering the surface doping concentration during emitter formation, and the second method is to reduce the recombination that occurs at the surface when the electrode and the silicon are in contact, which is called metal-induced recombination and is represented by J0.metal. Because J0.metal increases in proportion to the area of the front electrode, minimizing the finger width and number by optimizing the electrode design is important. Therefore, the front electrode grid should be designed considering the emitter characteristics, J0.metal, according to the number of fingers and the resistance. In this research, the front grid of the solar cell was optimized via modeling using equations to calculate the number of fingers and the resistance. According to the finger width, the number of busbars, the sheet resistance, the aspect ratio, and the number of fingers corresponding to the maximum efficiency were identified. As a result, this modeling enabled us to optimize the front grid to the desired conditions, and we found that an increase in the number of busbars plays an important role in improving the efficiency of solar cells. In addition, the efficiency change with increasing number of busbars can be seen to be affected by the width of the finger and the resolution of the printed finger rather than the aspect ratio.
关键词： Aspect ratio,Finger width,Resistance,Front grid optimization,Crystalline silicon solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Small scale optimization in crystalline silicon solar cell on efficiency enhancement of low-concentrating photovoltaic cell
摘要： Compared with conventional silicon solar cell, concentrating photovoltaic cell has a higher incident illumination intensity and non-uniform illumination intensity distribution. There is a close relationship between the illumination intensity and the resistance and shading losses of front metal fingers. In this paper, according to the non-uniformity of the illumination distribution formed by the concentrator, the effects of different finger numbers and spacing on the performance of low-concentrating photovoltaic cells were studied. First, low-concentrating photovoltaic cell modules with different finger numbers and spacing were established, and efficiency of these modules was compared to determine the optimal finger numbers and spacing of the front metal fingers. Then, effects of the shading losses, finger resistance and lateral spreading resistance on the performance of the low-concentrating photovoltaic cell were analyzed. Results show that for the specific illumination intensity distribution of the low-concentrating photovoltaic cell when the numbers and spacing of the front metal fingers are optimized, efficiency of the low-concentrating photovoltaic cell can be increased from 13.805% to 13.837%. Additionally, it can be concluded that the optimization of the number and spacing of the front metal fingers in the crystalline silicon solar cell is an efficient way to improve the electrical performance of the concentrating photovoltaic cell.
关键词： Fingers,Enhanced efficiency,low-concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) Cell,crystalline silicon
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Effect of the anisotropy of etching surface morphology on light-trapping and photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of silicon solar cell
摘要： A homogeneous diamond wire sawing multicrystalline Si surface with nanoscale oval pits was obtained in an acid solution by adding NaNO2, polyethylene glycol–polyvinyl alcohol, and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid at 12 °C for 130 s. The textured surface showed orientation dependence. The anisotropy of H/D caused different experimental results. The Rave of incident light originating from the direction parallel to saw marks was 22–27% larger than that from the direction perpendicular to saw marks. The photovoltaic conversion efficiency was 0.6–0.8% higher when the thin grid line of Ag electrode was parallel to the saw marks than when in the perpendicular direction. These results indicated that using saw marks can improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells.
关键词： Acid etching,Multi-crystalline silicon,Texturization,Wet chemical etching
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Optical functional film with triangular pyramidal texture for Crystalline silicon solar cells
摘要： An optical functional film with triangular pyramidal texture is proposed to reduce the reflection loss of crystalline silicon cells in order to solve the problem where directly fabricating the light-trapping texture on the surface of crystalline silicon can increase of surface photogenerated carrier recombination in crystalline silicon cells. The models of the reflection and refraction loss of light on the surface of an optical functional film with triangular pyramidal texture are developed. Afterwards, the triangular pyramidal textured film is bonded to the smooth surface of crystalline silicon cells and the angle between the base and side of the triangular pyramid is optimized. According to the large-area fabricating process of the optical functional film with triangular pyramidal texture, the proper structural parameters of the textured film are obtained. The optical functional film with triangular pyramidal texture was fabricated by means of ultra-precision cutting, electroforming, and embossing processes. Moreover, the effect of the fabricating precision on the optical performance of the triangular pyramid textured film is analyzed. The experimental and analytical results indicate that, by using the triangular pyramid textured film, the reflection loss of the smooth surface crystalline silicon cells decreases from 22.3% to 7.2% and the photovoltaic conversion efficiency increases from 18.30% to 20.47%. Compared with conventional textured crystalline silicon cells, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of smooth surface crystalline silicon cells with the proposed optical functional film increases by 0.99%. An optical functional film with a triangular pyramidal texture can effectively improve the absorbance and photovoltaic conversion efficiency of smooth surface crystalline silicon cells.
关键词： Triangular pyramid,Optical properties,Crystalline silicon cells,Photovoltaic conversion efficiency,Optical functional textured film
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Largea??area Luminescent Downshifting Layer containing Eu3+ Complex for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
摘要： The spectral mismatch between the distribution of sunlight (AM1.5G) and crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells is one of the most limiting factors for the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) devices. As an effective solution, luminescent down-shifting (LDS) technique is an important way to improve the short-wavelength response of a solar cell by shifting high-energy photons to the visible range. Herein, large-area (17×17 cm2) luminescent thin film consisting of ternary europium (Eu3+) complex and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was successfully constructed through solution casting method, and further developed as an effective LDS layer to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of c-Si solar cells with large active area (235 cm2). The self-standing LDS layer is both flexible, transparent and easily attachable to the surface of solar cell module. Compared with the uncoated c-Si solar cell, one coated with LDS layer displayed an enhancement of ~15% in external quantum efficiency (EQE) due to the highly luminescent quantum yield of Eu3+ complex doped inside the layer. These results demonstrate that large area luminescent film embedding Eu3+ complex is a versatile and effective strategy to improve the conversion efficiency of large size PV devices, giving rise to great potential applications as LDS materials.
关键词： Eu3+ complex,luminescent down-shifting,photoelectric conversion efficiency,crystalline silicon solar cells,large-area luminescent film
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57