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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Fes, Morocco (25–27 March 2019)] 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Zone melting recrystallization of microcrystalline silicon ribbons obtained by chemical vapor deposition
摘要： We present the results achieved with an optical zone melting recrystallization (ZMR) system, which concentrates the radiation of two halogen lamps on the surface of a microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) ribbon sample, creating a long, 2 mm width molten region (~1414o C). μc-Si ribbon samples measuring up to 25×100 mm2 were previously obtained using an inline optical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, that grows silicon layers on top of a silicon dust substrate. Inside the ZMR system, the μc-Si ribbon sample is recrystallized in an argon atmosphere and using a step motor to pull the ribbon at a constant speed between 1 to 6 mm/min, the molten zone travels along the ribbon, recrystallizing the whole sample into a multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) ribbon, with an average crystal size in the [1; 10] mm range. It was observed that the physical characteristics of the μc-Si ribbon, like powder substrate incorporation, porosity, thickness, powder grain size used as substrate in the CVD step, have a crucial influence on the recrystallization process and on the electrical properties of the mc-Si ribbon obtained after the ZMR process. Lifetime measurements performed on the recrystallized samples suggest that improvements regarding crystalline quality and possible presence of impurities need to be addressed.
关键词： microcrystalline silicon,solar cells,Zone melting recrystallization,multi-crystalline silicon,chemical vapor deposition
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Electrodeposition of crystalline silicon films from silicon dioxide for low-cost photovoltaic applications
摘要： Crystalline-silicon solar cells have dominated the photovoltaics market for the past several decades. One of the long standing challenges is the large contribution of silicon wafer cost to the overall module cost. Here, we demonstrate a simple process for making high-purity solar-grade silicon films directly from silicon dioxide via a one-step electrodeposition process in molten salt for possible photovoltaic applications. High-purity silicon films can be deposited with tunable film thickness and doping type by varying the electrodeposition conditions. These electrodeposited silicon films show about 40 to 50% of photocurrent density of a commercial silicon wafer by photoelectrochemical measurements and the highest power conversion efficiency is 3.1% as a solar cell. Compared to the conventional manufacturing process for solar grade silicon wafer production, this approach greatly reduces the capital cost and energy consumption, providing a promising strategy for low-cost silicon solar cells production.
关键词： crystalline-silicon solar cells,molten salt,silicon dioxide,photovoltaic applications,electrodeposition
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Analysis of the Single-Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic (PV) Module Performances Under Low γ - Radiation from Radioactive Source
摘要： The present paper is about an experimental evaluation of the terrestrial silicon single-crystalline solar PV module behavior under low gamma radiation. The simultanous proliferation of radioactive sources in Burkina Faso dominated by gamma type and the photovoltaic (PV) systems installations in both urban and rural areas justify this study. There is also high background radiation compared to normal in some region of the country. It has been shown that the photocurrent and the electric power increase while the photovoltage stays constant for an extremely low gamma radiation doses. This work proves that long time exposition to any low radiation can cause the reduction of the performance of the solar PV module. However for greater values of the dose, the photocurrent, the photovoltage and the electric power decrease. Hence, it is so important to protect PV equipments against gamma radiation by adjusting the PV installation height from the ground where high background radiation is notified or by putting reinforced concrete at their bottom faces. The two ways can be combinated adding the respect to radiation protection principle As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
关键词： Low gamma (γ) - radiation,Single-Crystalline silicon,PV solar module,Dose,Dose rate
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Neutral-Colored Transparent Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics
摘要： We report a neutral-colored transparent c-Si substrate using a 200-mm-thick c-Si wafer, which is known to be opaque. The transparent c-Si substrate shows a completely neutral color, similar to glass without a transmission cut-on wavelength. In addition, the transmittance of the transparent c-Si substrate is systematically tuned under the full solar spectrum. As a representative application, the transparent solar cells fabricated with the substrate developed in this study show a power conversion efficiency of up to 12.2%.
关键词： transparent,neutral-colored,photovoltaics,power conversion efficiency,crystalline silicon
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Perak, Malaysia (23–26 April 2019)] INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Summary of the 8th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
摘要： This article gives a summary of the 8th Metallization and Interconnection workshop and attempts to place each contribution in the appropriate context. The field of metallization and interconnection continues to progress at a very fast pace. Several printing techniques can now achieve linewidths below 20 μm. Screen printing is more than ever the dominating metallization technology in the industry, with finger widths of 45 μm in routine mass production and values below 20 μm in the lab. Plating technology is also being improved, particularly through the development of lower cost patterning techniques. Interconnection technology is changing fast, with introduction in mass production of multiwire and shingled cells technologies. New models and characterization techniques are being introduced to study and understand in detail these new interconnection technologies.
关键词： metallization,crystalline silicon solar cells,plating technology,multiwire interconnection,shingled cells,interconnection,screen printing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Perak, Malaysia (23–26 April 2019)] INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Metallization contributions, requirements, and effects related to pattern transfer printing (PTP?) on crystalline silicon solar cells
摘要： In this work, the metallization requirements and development for an alternative fine line printing method to screen printing, called pattern transfer printing (PTP?), are discussed. This technique has been proven in high volume environments and shows impressive capability of printing lines down to 20μm consistently and reliably. With such a major reduction (nearly 50%) in contact area and paste volume, there are some critical aspects of the metallization paste that must be addressed. After these modifications have been made, an efficiency gain of 0.14%abs is demonstrated for the PTP? process versus that of a state-of-the-art screen-printed paste on an industrial scale under otherwise identical conditions.
关键词： PTP?,metallization,crystalline silicon solar cells,pattern transfer printing,efficiency gain
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Effective minority carrier lifetime as an indicator for potential-induced degradation in p-type single-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
摘要： In this paper, we report the effective minority carrier lifetime (τeff) in fresh and potential-induced degradation (PID) acceleration tested p-type single-crystalline Si modules. τeff in different regions of solar cells was measured using the microwave photoconductance decay (μPCD) method. Electroluminescence (EL), lock-in-thermography, and dark and light current–voltage (I–V ) measurements were carried out as a complementary analysis of μPCD. In addition, τeff in every stage of Si solar cell fabrication (wafer to solar cell) was measured to investigate the change of carrier dynamics. From the obtained results, a great decrease in τeff was observed in the PID-affected regions, confirming the excess non-radiative recombination centers in that region, suggesting that τeff from the μ-PCD method can be an effective indicator to judge whether PID phenomenon has occurred.
关键词： microwave photoconductance decay,p-type single-crystalline silicon,potential-induced degradation,effective minority carrier lifetime,photovoltaic modules
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Stress and Fracture of Crystalline Silicon Cells in Solar Photovoltaic Modules – A Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction based Investigation
摘要： Fracture of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells in photovoltaic modules is a big concern to the photovoltaics (PV) industry. Cell cracks cause performance degradation and warranty issues to the manufacturers. The roots of cell fractures lie in the manufacturing and integration process of the cells and modules as they go through a series of elevated temperature and pressure processes, involving bonding of dissimilar materials, causing residual stresses. Evaluation of the exact physical mechanisms leading to these thermomechanical stresses is highly essential to quantify them and optimize the PV modules to address them. We present a novel synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction based techniques to characterize the stress and fracture in the crystalline silicon PV modules. We show the detailed stress state after soldering and lamination process, using the synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction experiments. We also calculate the maximum tolerable microcrack size in the c-Si cells to sustain the residual stress after lamination. We further demonstrate the effect of these residual stresses on the cell fractures using the widely accepted fracture (4-point bending) tests. These test results show that the soldering and lamination induced localized residual stresses indeed reduce the load-carrying capacity of the c-Si cells.
关键词： fracture,crystalline silicon,residual stresses,synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction,photovoltaic modules
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Fes, Morocco (25–27 March 2019)] 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Concentrator bifacial crystalline silicon solar cells with Al-alloyed BSF and Ag-free multi-wire metallization
摘要： We present Ag-free low-concentrator bifacial indium-fluorine-oxide (IFO)/(n+pp+)Cz-Si/indium-tin-oxide (ITO) solar cells based on: (i) a shallow phosphorus-doped n+-emitter; (ii) an easy-to-fabricate screen-printed Al-alloyed Al-p+ back-surface-field (BSF); (iii) transparent conductive IFO and ITO layers grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, which act as passivating and antireflection electrode; (iv) Ag-free multi-wire metallization of copper wire attached by the low-temperature lamination method simultaneously to the front IFO layer, rear ITO layer as well as to the interconnecting ribbons arranged outside the structure using transparent conductive polymer films. For the manufacture of solar cells, we used standard commercially available SiNx/(n+pp+)Cz-Si/Al structures. After removal of the residual Al paste, the Al-p+ layer was thinned by one-sided etchback process. A number of solar cells were prepared differing in the sheet resistance of the Al-p+ layer (Rp+), which ranged from 14 ?/sq (original, non-etched Al-p+ layer) to 123 ?/sq. It was found that thinning of the Al-p+ layer (increase in Rp+) greatly improved all the parameters of solar cells. The cell with Rp+ = 81 ?/sq showed the best combination of conversion parameters. Under 1-sun front/rear illumination, the conversion efficiency of this cell is 17.5%/11.2% (against 16.0%/7.5% for the cell with Rp+ = 14 ?/sq). At 1-sun front illumination and 20/50% albedo of 1-sun illumination, the equivalent efficiency is equal to 19.9%/23.5% (against 17.7%/20.1% for the cell with Rp+ = 14 ?/sq). At a sunlight concentration ratio (kC) of 2.3–2.7 suns, the cells with Rp+ in the range 45–123 ?/sq showed approximately similar maximum front-side efficiency, 17.5–17.9%. However, the operating range of sunlight concentration ratio (kC,OR) determined as η(kC,OR) = η(kC = 1) showed a tendency to decrease from 5.8 ± 0.6 suns to 4 ± 0.5 suns with an increase in Rp+ from 14–45 ?/sq to 63–123 ?/sq.
关键词： Ag-free,multi-wire metallization,crystalline silicon,Al-alloyed BSF,bifacial,solar cells
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Physics of Energy Conversion () || 10. Photovoltaic energy conversion
摘要： In a photovoltaic device, solar energy is converted into electricity along a path very different from the one taken in a solarthermal power plant. Here, in a first step the energy of the solar photons is converted into chemical energy in a solid state absorber. This means that the absorber is brought into an electronically excited state involving a reconfiguration of its charge carriers by the generation of electron/hole (e?/h+)-pairs, i.e. by the following reaction: Ground state + ?? → e? + h+. Here, ?? represents a photon with sufficient energy to bring an electron to the excited state. The chemical energy of the charge carrier ensembles in the conduction and valence bands is then converted into electrical energy by spatially separating the e?/h+-pairs via electrical contacts of the absorber which are electron or hole selective, respectively. In general such selective contacts can only be realized by a jump in the material properties between the two contacts, an example for this being a pn-junction. Since under illumination electrons and holes have different electrochemical potentials in the absorber material, this separation leads to a voltage drop between the contacts selective for the different charge carrier types. It is thus the selectivity of the contacts that introduces the built-in asymmetry into the solar cell, making it a usable voltage source (see Section 5.2). This basic working principle is true for all types of solar cells, ranging from conventional solar cells built from crystalline silicon (c-Si) over thin film solar cells fabricated from different materials such as, e.g. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) to organic or dye sensitized solar cells, and is schematically shown in Figure 10.1.
关键词： electricity,solid state absorber,solar energy,photovoltaic,pn-junction,dye sensitized solar cells,organic solar cells,CIGS,thin film solar cells,crystalline silicon,electron/hole pairs
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04