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Construction of a Biosensor Based on a Combination of Cytochrome c, Graphene, and Gold Nanoparticles
摘要： A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Na?on/AuNPs/Cyt c/Na?on, where ERGO-Na?on was deposited by dropping graphene oxides-Na?on mixed droplet ?rst and following electrochemical reduction, AuNPs were directly deposited on the surface of the ERGO-Na?on modi?ed electrode by electrochemical reduction, and other components were deposited by the dropping-dry method. The effect of the deposition amount of AuNPs on direct electrochemistry of Cyt c in the proposed electrode was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide was taken to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. The results showed that the biosensor has great analytical performance, including a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and good stability, reproducibility, and reliability.
关键词： gold nanoparticles,cytochrome c,graphene,direct electrochemistry,biosensor,hydrogen peroxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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An Enhanced Silver Nanocluster System for Cytochrome c Detection and Natural Drug Screening targeted for Cytochrome c
摘要： A label-free, ultra-sensitive and turn-off fluorescence method for detecting cytochrome c (Cyt c) has been recently developed using enhanced DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs@tween 80) as a novel fluorescence-enhancing nanoprobe. Cyt c-induced electron transfer between Cyt c and DNA-AgNCs results in a significant fluorescence quenching effect of DNA-AgNCs. The coated tween 80 around DNA-AgNCs particles significantly caused fluorescence signal enhancement in the solution. Meanwhile, the efficiency of fluorescence quenching by Cyt c increases substantially by adding 0.01% tween 80 into the detection system. Based on these findings, a simple method with the detection limit of 0.8 nM was established for Cyt c based on tween 80 enhanced DNA-AgNCs. A good linear relationship between the fluorescent intensity and the concentration of Cyt c ranging from 0.8 nM to 10000 nM (R2=0.9910) was obtained. Consequently, the method was applied to monitor the Cyt c variation in HCT-116 and BGC-823 tumor cell culture medium after being treated with (doxorubicin) DOX and two kinds of natural compounds (J5 and S6, extracted from plants Abacopteris Penangiana and Swertia punicea Hemsl, respectively). The results indicated that the level of Cyt c in cell culture medium decreased according to the presence of DOX, J5 and S6. The reliability of the result was further confirmed by using cell viability assay and FACS analysis. From these data, it can be concluded that this groundbreaking nanoprobe with high sensitivity, great simplicity and good biocompatibility boasts a promising outlook for exploring the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis regulation and nature drug screening.
关键词： DNA-AgNCs,natural compounds,drugs screening,cytochrome c
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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LASERAKUPUNKTUR a?? MODERNE LICHTTHERAPIE IN VERBINDUNG MIT JAHRTAUSENDE ALTER CHINESISCHER MEDIZIN; Laser acupuncture a?? modern light therapy in combination with the treasures of ancient chinese medicine;
摘要： The clinical efficacy of LLLT has been scientifically proven in many randomized controlled studies: wound healing disorders, oral mucositis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, nerve regeneration, age-related macular degeneration and much more. Mitochondrial medicine, laser acupuncture and LLLT combine the treasures of modern physical and physiological methods in a unique way for the benefit of our patients. LLLT means targeted mitochondrial medicine.
关键词： laser,auricular medicine,VAS,chinese medicine,resonance therapy,LLLT,cytochrome C oxidase,laser acupuncture,ROS,Weber meridian massage,COO,RAC,PBM,copper,MMW,NIR,mitochondria,coenzyme Q10
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) With 1,064a??nm Laser to Improve Cerebral Metabolism of the Human Brain In Vivo
摘要： Background and Objectives: In our previous proof‐of‐principle study, transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) with 1,064‐nm laser was reported to significantly increase concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]) and oxidized‐state cytochrome c oxidase (Δ[oxi‐CCO]) in the human brain. This paper further investigated (i) its validity in two different subsets of young human subjects at two study sites over a period of 3 years and (ii) age‐related effects of tPBM by comparing sham‐controlled increases of Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] between young and older adults. Study Design/Materials and Methods: We measured sham‐controlled Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] using broadband near‐infrared spectroscopy (bb‐NIRS) in 15 young (26.7 ± 2.7 years of age) and 5 older (68.2 ± 4.8 years of age) healthy normal subjects before, during, and after right‐forehead tPBM/sham stimulation with 1,064‐nm laser. Student t tests were used to test statistical differences in tPBM‐induced Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] (i) between the 15 young subjects and those of 11 reported previously and (ii) between the two age groups measured in this study. Results: Statistical analysis showed that no significant difference existed in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] during and post tPBM between the two subsets of young subjects at two study sites over a period of 3 years. Furthermore, the two age groups showed statistically identical net increases in sham‐controlled Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO]. Conclusions: This study provided strong evidence to validate/confirm our previous findings that tPBM with 1,064‐nm laser enables to increase cerebral Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] in the human brain, as measured by bb‐NIRS. Overall, it demonstrated the robust reproducibility of tPBM being able to improve cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism of the human brain in vivo in both young and older adults.
关键词： transcranial photobiomodulation,cytochrome c oxidase,reproducibility,broadband near‐infrared spectroscopy,tPBM
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Engineering Quantum Dots with Ionic Liquid: A Multifunctional White Light Emitting Hydrogel for Enzyme Packaging
摘要： Herein, a new and straightforward approach for the fabrication of a stable and multifunctional white light emitting (WLE) hydrogel is reported. For the first time, the utility of such hydrogels for protein packaging with enhanced activity and stability is presented. Initially, a WLE composite with color chromaticity of (0.33, 0.27) is fabricated by engineering the surface of an orange light emitting Mn2+-doped ZnS quantum dot (QD) using a blue-emitting choline-tosylate ionic liquid (IL). The color chromaticity can be tuned by altering the concentration of the IL and excitation wavelengths. The WLE hydrogel is constructed through the conjugation of the WLE QD-IL composite with an alginate biopolymer. Remarkably, the WLE QD-IL composite and WLE hydrogel show preservation of their structural and luminescence properties for an extended time and thus indicate a potential for storage applications. When cytochrome c (Cyt C) is caged within the WLE hydrogel matrix, the peroxidase activity increases by more than 1.7-times compared with native Cyt C and a Cyt C-loaded QD hydrogel at room temperature. Also, Cyt C-immobilized WLE hydrogel shows a 3.5-fold increase in activity (compared with native Cyt C) at a higher temperature (120 °C) and in the presence of a denaturation agent.
关键词： ionic liquids,hydrogels,cytochrome C,white light emissions,quantum dots
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Redox-State-Mediated Regulation of Cytochrome?c Release in Apoptosis Revealed by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Nickel Substrates
摘要： The interaction of cytochrome c (Cyt c) with cardiolipin (CL) is believed to play an important role in the initial events of apoptosis. Herein, we investigate the structural changes of CL-bound Fe2+Cyt c and the correlation with Cyt c release through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on nickel substrates. The SERS results together with molecular dynamics simulation reveal that Fe2+Cyt c undergoes autoxidation and a relatively larger conformational alteration after binding with CL, inducing higher peroxidase activity of Cyt c and higher permeability of the CL membrane compared with those induced by the Fe3+Cyt c. The proapoptotic activity and SERS effect of the Ni nanostructures allow the in situ study of the redox-state-dependent Cyt c release from isolated mitochondria, which reveals for the first time that the ferrous state of Cyt c most likely plays a more important role in triggering apoptosis.
关键词： redox state,apoptosis,cytochrome c,nickel,SERS
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A label-free RTP sensor based on aptamer/quantum dot nanocomposites for cytochrome <i>c</i> detection
摘要： Given the outstanding room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of Mn–ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and the specific recognition performance of the aptamer, we built phosphorescent composites from aptamers conjugated with polyethyleneimine quantum dots (PEI-QDs) and applied them to cytochrome c (Cyt c) detection. Specifically, QDs/CBA composites were generated from the electrostatic interaction between the positively-charged PEI-QDs and the negatively-charged Cyt c binding aptamer (CBA). With the presence of Cyt c, the Cyt c can specifically bind with the QDs/CBA composites, and quench the RTP of QDs through photoinduced electron-transfer (PIET). Thereby, an optical biosensor for Cyt c detection was built, which had a detection range of 0.166–9.96 mM and a detection limit of 0.084 mM. This aptamer-mediated phosphorescent sensor with high specificity and operational simplicity can effectively avoid the interference of scattering light from complex substrates. Our findings offer a new clue for building biosensors based on QDs and aptamers.
关键词： aptamer,quantum dots,biosensor,room-temperature phosphorescence,cytochrome c
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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ε-Poly-L-lysine-protected Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots with high quantum yield for fluorometric determination of cytochrome c and trypsin
摘要： Titanium carbide quantum dots functionalized with ε-poly-L-lysine (PLL) were synthesized by sonication cutting and hydrothermal synthesis. The deprotonated Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots (Ti3C2 MQDs) exhibit excitation wavelength-dependent blue photoluminescence with typical excitation/emission peaks at 330/415 nm and a quantum yield of 22% due to strong quantum confinement. The fluorescence of ε-poly-L-lysine protected Ti3C2 MQDs (PLL-protected Ti3C2 MQDs) is reduced via an inner filter effect after the addition of cytochrome c (cyt-c). Response to cyt-c is linear in the 0.2 to 40 μM concentration range and the detection limit is 20.5 nM. In the presence of trypsin, cyt-c is hydrolyzed to small peptides, and the Fe3+ ion in cyt-c probably is reduced to Fe2+ with the aid of the digestive enzyme. This results in the restoration of the blue fluorescence of the modified MQDs. Fluorescence increases linearly in the 0.5 to 80 μg mL?1 trypsin concentration range with the detection limit of 0.1 μg mL?1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cyt-c and trypsin in spiked serum samples.
关键词： Hydrothermal method,Inner filter effect,Fluorescence,Trypsin,Cytochrome c,Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A Fluorescent Aptamer/Carbon Dots based Assay for Cytochrome c Protein Detection as a Biomarker of Cell Apoptosis
摘要： Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a heme protein, can be a potential biomarker for cell-apoptosis or even cancer diagnosis. In this work, a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective label-free assay for Cytochrome c (Cyt c) detection is introduced based on an interaction between nucleic acid aptamer biomolecules and surfaces of Carbon Dots (CDs). CDs are used as a fluorescent probes and Cyt c-aptamers as a sensing materials. Interactions of aptamers with CDs quench the fluorescent intensity of CDs. By addition of Cyt c biomolecule as an analyte to the solution and binding to the aptamers, CDs fluorescence turns on. Stronger binding affinity of the aptamers toward Cyt c than CDs, causes they leave the CDs surfaces and the fluorescence is recovered. The amount of recoveries corresponds linearly to the concentration of Cyt c and be used as the basis of detection. The method exhibited high sensitivity to Cyt c with a detection limit of 25.90 nM and a linear range from 40 nM to 240 nM.
关键词： Fluorimetric Detection,Aptamer,Cytochrome c,Carbon dots
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Nickel Nanowires Combined with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Application in Label-Free Detection of Cytochrome c-Mediated Apoptosis
摘要： Intrinsic properties of nickel have enabled its wide applications as an effective catalyst. In this study, nickel nanowires (Ni NWs) as electron donors for oxidized cytochrome c (Cyt c) are investigated, which are NW diameter, temperature, and pH value-dependent. The reductive and magnetic properties facilitate the Ni NWs to rapidly and conveniently reduce Cyt c in complicated biological samples. Moreover, we find that the Ni NWs combined with resonance Raman spectroscopy have specificity towards Cyt c detection in real biological samples, which is successfully used to distinguish the redox state of the released Cyt c from isolated mitochondria in apoptotic Hela cells. Moreover, rapid label-free Cyt c quantification can be achieved by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a limit of detection range of 1 nM and long concentration linear (1nM?1μM). The proposed Ni NWs-based reduction approach will significantly simplify the traditional biological methods and has great potential in the application of Cyt c-related apoptotic studies.
关键词： nickel nanowires,surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,cytochrome c,label-free detection,apoptosis
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14