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Laser absorption spectroscopy studies to characterize Cs oven performances for the negative ion source SPIDER
摘要： The SPIDER H?/D? ion source is currently in operation in the Neutral Beam Test facility (NBTF) at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Italy) to prove the possibility of generating up to 40 A of negative ions, with a maximum extracted current density of 350 A/m2 (H)/285 A/m2 (D) and a fraction of co-extracted electrons not greater than 0.5 (H)/1 (D). These performances are required for the realization of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI), which should deliver 16.7 MW to the plasma by means of negative ions accelerated up to 1 MeV and neutralized before being injected into the ITER tokamak. In order to obtain such high extracted current densities and low co-extracted electron fractions it is necessary to lower the work function of the surface of the acceleration system grid facing the source; this will be accomplished by coating the surfaces with Cs, routinely evaporated by three ovens. The functionality of the ovens has been tested at the CAesium oven Test Stand (CATS), hosted at NBTF. The test stand is equipped with several diagnostics, among which a Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (LAS) diagnostic. Using a tunable laser diode, the LAS diagnostic gets the high resolution absorption spectrum of the Cs 852 nm D2 line along a line of sight to measure Cs density at ground state. The paper describes the test stand and the LAS diagnostic, together with the characterization of the ovens to be installed in SPIDER. The paper will also study the systematic density underestimation e?ect caused by Cs ground state depopulation, as a function of laser intensity and of Cs density, in the perspective of correcting the density evaluation.
关键词： Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging,Ion sources (positive ions, negative ions, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), electron beam (EBIS))
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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The spatial-temporal distribution of the electron density and temperature in nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma measured by laser Thomson scattering
摘要： The spatial-temporal distribution of the electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) in a nanosecond pulsed discharge (NPD) argon plasma with a ball-to-plate electrode con?guration at 2 × 103 Pa has been measured by Laser Thomson Scattering (LTS). The peak voltage between two electrodes is 1520 V and the current is 3 A when the ball-like electrode is connected to the negative high voltage. The results indicate that it is possible to enhance the electron density of the plasma discharge using the rising edge of pulse voltage. The measured plasma parameters: Te decreases exponentially from 1.75 eV to 0.1 eV and ne increases rapidly to 3.94 × 1020 m?3 from 15 ns to 115 ns then decreases to 1.17 × 1019 m?3. In the discharge with cylindrical geometric symmetry, Te increases from ball to plate, while ne is opposite. In the r-direction, both Te and ne decrease from central to edge at 3.4 mm. Value of ne varies by 20 times from maximum to minimum and Te is only about 1.5 times.
关键词： Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging,Pulsed power
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE Research and Applications of Photonics in Defense Conference (RAPID) - Miramar Beach, FL, USA (2019.8.19-2019.8.21)] 2019 IEEE Research and Applications of Photonics in Defense Conference (RAPID) - Time-Resolved, Laser-Absorption Temperature Measurement in Shock Heated Mixtures with Reduced Beam Steering and Emission Noise
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关键词： optical diagnostics,spectroscopy,thermometry,shock tube
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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New infrared imaging diagnostic for the Neutral Beam Heating System at the TJ-II stellarator
摘要： An upgraded infrared imaging system has been installed at the stellarator TJ-II as a diagnostic tool of the Neutral Beam Injection heating. Thermographic analysis of the beam-wall interaction areas can be used to estimate the beam power lost through reionization and shine-through mechanisms in Neutral Beam heated plasmas. Three di?erent Regions of Interest inside TJ-II vacuum vessel have been determined whose thermographic analysis will be applied to the study of beam related processes. The optical conditions required for each application have been used to de?ne the speci?cations of the IR camera. Optimization of the optical design has been carried out by means of the optical simulation code ZEMAX. The IR window size has been increased to maximize the fraction of the ?eld of view that is free from vignetting. The system has been fully commissioned and is now operative, routinely providing thermographic data of the regions of interest during the last TJ-II experimental campaign. The IR diagnostic is described in detail and its applicability to study beam power deposition on di?erent targets is discussed.
关键词： Plasma diagnostics - high speed photography,Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics,Beam Optics,Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Comprehensive diagnostics of hot electron emission from plasmas produced by sub-nanosecond terawatt laser on thin foil metal targets
摘要： Interaction of high-power and high-energy lasers with matter generates plasmas emitting considerable amounts of relativistic electrons. In this contribution such plasmas were produced by PALS kJ laser facility delivering the beam with intensity of the order of 3 · 1016 W · cm?2 in 400 ps on thin foil metal targets. To study the emission of hot electrons in horizontal plane around the target, an array of electron spectrometers was employed to record the electron emission from the plasma in several angles around the target. For experimental determination of the total number of hot electrons escaping from the plasma through the plasma barrier a target probe was used in order to measure the target return current which neutralizes the positive target charge produced by these escaping hot electrons. Together with this diagnostics the femtosecond interferometry was used to obtain spatial electron density pro?les in close proximity to the irradiated target at selected time delays. Interferograms indicated occurrence of plasma density modulations in front of the target and made it possible to calculate the number of electrons contained within thermal fraction of the plasma produced by the laser. The number of these electrons correlates with the ?ux of soft x-ray radiation observed with the use of an x-ray streak camera.
关键词： Plasma diagnostics - probes,Pulsed power,Interaction of radiation with matter,Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Bioplasmonic paper–based assay for perilipin-2 non-invasively detects renal cancer
摘要： Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has poor survival prognosis because it is asymptomatic at an early, more curative stage. Recently, urine perilipin-2 (PLIN-2) was demonstrated to be a sensitive and speci?c biomarker for the noninvasive, early detection of RCC and an indispensable indicator to distinguish cancer from a benign renal mass. However, current Western blot or ELISA PLIN-2 assays are complicated, expensive, time-consuming or insensitive, making them unsuitable for routine analysis in clinical settings. Here we developed a plasmonic biosensor based on the high refractive index sensitivity of gold nanorattles for the rapid detection of PLIN-2 in patient urine. The paper-based plasmonic assay is highly sensitive and has a dynamic range of 50 pg/ml to 5 mg/ml PLIN-2. The assay is not compromised by variations in urine pH or high concentrations of interfering proteins such as albumin and hemoglobin, making it an excellent candidate for routine clinical applications. The urine PLIN-2 assay readily distinguished patients with pathologically proven clear cell carcinomas of various size, stage and grade (55.9 [39.5, 75.8] ng/ml, median [1st and 3rd quartile]) from age-matched controls (0.3 [0.3, 0.5] ng/ml), patients with bladder cancer (0.5 [0.4, 0.6] ng/ml) and patients with diabetic nephropathy (0.6 [0.4, 0.7] ng/ml). Urine PLIN-2 concentrations were roughly proportional to tumor size (Pearson coef?cient 0.59). Thus, this cost-effective and label-free method represents a novel approach to conduct a non-invasive population screen or rapid differential diagnosis of imaged renal masses, signi?cantly facilitating the early detection and diagnosis of RCC.
关键词： cancer biomarkers,cancer diagnostics,renal cancer,bioplasmonic assay
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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X-ray imaging of bio/medical samples using laser-plasma-based X-ray sources and LiF detector
摘要： This contribution to ECPD2019 is dedicated to the memory of Anatoly Faenov. During a period of approximately thirteen years 1994–2006, Anatoly and his wife Tatiana Pikuz (simply “Tania” for friends), accepting the frequent invitations of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) and of the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), cooperated with many Italian research laboratories dedicated to EUV and soft X-ray generation, spread in di?erent towns (L’Aquila, Frascati, Milano, Padova, Pisa, Roma, etc.). In spite of the fact that they could stay in Italy only about one or two months per year, their activity was so intense that more than 50 peer- reviewed publications were generated from their experimental and theoretical work (just considering only the results obtained at L’Aquila and Tor Vergata — Rome Universities and at the ENEA Research Center of Frascati), without mentioning the cultural atmosphere that they stimulated in the ?eld of Science and Humanity. The numerous experimental spectra obtained at ENEA by means of their spherically bent mica spectrometers, together with the corresponding theoretical simulations performed in Moscow, allowed to study the changing role of di?erent excitations mechanisms for various plasma conditions, and to characterize at best the ENEA laser-plasma source for di?erent applications: polychromatic and monochromatic micro-radiography of dried biological samples at 1 keV, soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM) of living cells in the water-window spectral region, spectroscopy of hollow atoms, etc. In this memorial paper, the main results of biological samples imaging on lithium ?uoride (LiF) detectors, obtained with the ENEA and Tor Vergata University laser-plasma sources, are presented. In particular, the improvement of the micro-radiography and of the SXCM techniques obtained after moving from photoresist detectors and photographic ?lms to lithium ?uoride (LiF) detectors are discussed, for both dried and wet biological samples.
关键词： X-ray detectors,Plasma generation (laser-produced, RF, x ray-produced),Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Glutathione Capped Core/shell CdSeS/ZnS Quantum Dots as a Medical Imaging tool for Cancer Cells
摘要： Nanomaterials have secured an enduring position as a promising contender for various biological applications. Quantum dot (QD) is one such example of nano sized semiconductor material having unique optical characteristics that makes it an ideal candidate to be used as imaging tool for today’s medical industry. In the present study, the L-Glutathione (L-GSH) capped L-GSH-CdSeS/ZnS core/shell QDs were applied to visualize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Time and dose dependent studies were done, to study the cell penetration and visualization of QDs within the cancer cells. MTT assay was done to derive the percent cell viability of cancer cells at different QDs dose concentrations. Cell cytotoxicity of the capped CdSeS/ZnS QDs were also studied on non-cancerous healthy cells. Human cancerous cells were treated with the selected doses of QDs for different time durations followed by counter staining of the cells with fluorescent DAPI nuclear stain to observe the reflected QD mediated effects. The small sized QDs were localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of MCF-7 cells and displayed no significant cytotoxicity on healthy cells. Our findings suggest that our new synthesized L-GSH-CdSeS/ZnS core/shell QDs could be highly biocompatible and can have a high probability of applications in bio-labeling and imaging for cancer diagnostics.
关键词： Diagnostics,CdSeS/ZnS Quantum dot,Toxicity,Biocompatible,Cancer,Cell death,MCF-7
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Quantitative study of melt flow dynamics inside laser cutting kerfs by in-situ high-speed video-diagnostics
摘要： Within this paper the melt flow dynamics of the laser cutting process during laser cutting of 6 mm thick stainless-steel using a disk laser with a laser power of 5 kW and nitrogen assist gas with a pressure up to 20 bar, is analyzed by in-situ high-speed video-diagnostics (>100,000 fps). An advanced algorithm is used to determine spatially resolved the melt flow dynamics on the laser cutting front. The results reveal a link between the fluid dynamics, the cutting velocity, the assist gas pressure and the average roughness of the cut flank.
关键词： melt flow,process diagnostics,high-speed imaging,1 micron laser,Laser cutting
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Rapid and Digital Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers Enabled by a Novel Portable Nanoplasmonic Imager
摘要： New point-of-care diagnostic devices are urgently needed for rapid and accurate diagnosis, particularly in the management of life-threatening infections and sepsis, where immediate treatment is key. Sepsis is a critical condition caused by systemic response to infection, with chances of survival drastically decreasing every hour. A novel portable biosensor based on nanoparticle-enhanced digital plasmonic imaging is reported for rapid and sensitive detection of two sepsis-related inflammatory biomarkers, procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) directly from blood serum. The device achieves outstanding limit of detection of 21.3 pg mL?1 for PCT and 36 pg mL?1 for CRP, and dynamic range of at least three orders of magnitude. The portable device is deployed at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Spain and tested with a wide range of patient samples with sepsis, noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and healthy subjects. The results are validated against ultimate clinical diagnosis and currently used immunoassays, and show that the device provides accurate and robust performance equivalent to gold-standard laboratory tests. Importantly, the plasmonic imager can enable identification of PCT levels typical of sepsis and SIRS patients in less than 15 min. The compact and low-cost device is a promising solution for assisting rapid and accurate on-site sepsis diagnosis.
关键词： imaging biosensors,nanoplasmonics,point-of-care diagnostics,sepsis,gold nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22