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Absolute quantification (ml blood/sec???mm2 tissue) of normal vs. diabetic foot skin microvascular blood perfusion: Feasibility of FM-PPG measurements under clinical conditions
摘要： Fluorescence-mediated photoplethysmography (FM-PPG) is the first routine clinical methodology by which to quantifiably measure tissue blood perfusion in absolute terms (mL blood/sec ? mm2 tissue). The FM-PPG methodology has been described in detail previously in this journal (MVR 114, 2017, 92-100), along with initial proof-of-concept measurements of blood perfusion in both ocular and forearm skin tissues. The motivation for the current study was to investigate whether FM-PPG can be used readily and routinely under realistic clinical conditions. The vehicle for doing this was to measure medial foot capillary blood flow, i.e., tissue perfusion, in 7 normal subjects, mean = 6.76 ± 2.29 E-005 mL/(sec ? mm2), and lesion-free areas of 8 type-2 diabetic patients with skin ulceration, mean = 4.67 + 3.15 E-005 mL/(sec ? mm2). Thus, perfusion in the diabetics was found to be moderately lower than that in the normal control subjects. Earlier skin perfusion measurements in medial forearms of 4 normal subjects, mean = 2.64 + 0.22 E-005 mL/(sec ? mm2), were lower than both the normal and diabetic foot perfusion measurements. Variability in the heartbeat-to-heartbeat blood perfusion pulses in the skin capillaries, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation among beat-to-beat pulses divided by the mean perfusion of those pulses, was determined for each subject. Average variability in foot skin was 21% in the diabetic population, versus 16% for normal subjects; and it was 18% in forearm skin. We conclude that absolute quantitative FM-PPG measurement of skin blood perfusion at the level of nutritive capillaries is feasible routinely under clinical conditions, allowing for quantitative measurement of skin tissue blood perfusion in absolute terms.
关键词： Indocyanine green dye,Type-2 diabetes,Fluorescence-mediated photoplethysmography,Foot skin blood perfusion,Absolute quantification
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye solution using manganese doped ZnO nanoparticles
摘要： Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous solution of methylene blue dye under UV light illumination was studied by using manganese doped ZnO (Zn1-xMnxO, where x = 0.00, x = 0.02 and x = 0.05) nanoparticles as a photocatalyst. The nanophotocatalysts were synthesized by wet chemical co-precipitation method. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the photocatalysts were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) and UV- visible spectroscopic techniques. An improved photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO was observed upon doping with Mn and 2% Mn-doped ZnO exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity among the doped samples. The effect of operating parameters such as amount of catalyst, the initial dye concentration, and initial pH on the rate of dye degradation using 2% Mn-doped ZnO was studied. Under the optimum operation conditions, approximately 99% of dye removal was achieved after 120 min of irradiation.
关键词： Manganese doped ZnO,Photocatalytic activity,Methylene blue dye
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 structure for simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of mixed cationic and anionic dyes
摘要： In principle, n-type and p-type semiconductors are respectively responsible for photo-catalytic degradation of cationic dyes (e.g., methylene blue) and anionic dyes (e.g., acid red 1), governed by photoelectrons in the former and photo-holes in the later system. Hence, we present a new strategy: design and fabrication of photocatalytic structures to match the redox potentials of mixed basic/acidic dyes as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). For the ?rst time Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 structure is (1) designed to match the redox potentials of basic/acidic dyes as well as ROS, (2) fabricated using photoreduction to control the Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 interfaces, and (3) able to simultaneously degrade 84% methylene blue dye (MB) in 240 min and 88% acid red 1 (AR) in 25 min under LED light irradiation, corresponding to 7 wt% Ag loading. To the best of our knowledge, this is the ?rst photocatalytic degradation study on mixed basic and acidic dyes using a single catalyst. We also tested the new redox potential matching strategy in mixed basic dyes (MB and rhodamine B (RhB)). As expected our experimental results reproduced well our model predictions: in particular, results support our proposed hydroxyl radical (?OH) mechanism, which is initiated by photo-holes. Therefore, this new design strategy, which consists of matching band structures of the photocatalyst with redox potentials of dyes and ROS, has immediate implications to general photocatalytic applications beyond dye degradation and water-splitting.
关键词： Methylene blue,Nanostructures,Rhodamine B,Photocatalysis,Dye degradation,Acid red,Mixed dyes
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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FR - Utilidad del láser de colorante pulsado en el lupus eritematoso cutáneo
摘要： El lupus eritematoso cutáneo (LEC) es una enfermedad autoinmune heterogénea con manifestaciones clínicas muy variables, desde lesiones cutáneas aisladas hasta una afectación sistémica grave. Existen, por tanto, diferentes subtipos con características clínicas, histológicas y analíticas bien definidas, siendo constante en todos ellos la afectación cutánea1. Atendiendo a la guía de tratamiento del LEC elaborada por el European Dermatology Forum en 2017 llama la atención que el tratamiento con láser de lesiones activas del LEC estaría desaconsejado. En dicho manuscrito se especifica que este podría ser usado como un tratamiento complementario solo en caso de ser administrado por un dermatólogo acreditado y en lesiones muy seleccionadas (telangiectasias)2. Esta recomendación contrasta de forma notable con lo descrito en la literatura hasta el momento. Desde que en 1986 Henderson et al. aplicaran con éxito láser CO2 a una paciente con lupus eritematoso discoide desfigurante, han sido múltiples los autores que han publicado casos tratados de forma satisfactoria con estos dispositivos3. Este láser junto con el láser argón mejoraban las lesiones cutáneas de los pacientes a expensas de efectos secundarios indeseados4. En contraposición, el láser de colorante pulsado (LCP), el más utilizado para el tratamiento del LEC, ha demostrado unos excelentes resultados (mejorías entre el 60-88%) con mínimos efectos secundarios (dolor, alteraciones de la pigmentación). Este láser permite tratar no solo las telangiectasias que exhiben estos pacientes, sino también el componente eritemato-edematoso con mejoría clínica, histológica y de la sintomatología asociada. Ha sido empleado con éxito en pacientes con lupus eritematoso crónico (discoide, tumidus) y subagudo, ofreciendo buenos resultados tanto en lesiones recalcitrantes que no responden a tratamientos tópicos y sistémicos, como en lesiones agudas, minimizando el riesgo de cicatrices secundarias5. Otras fuentes de luz como el láser Nd:YAG y la luz pulsada intensa han demostrado de forma puntual ser útiles en esta enfermedad, no obstante la evidencia aun es escasa. La seguridad del tratamiento con LCP en pacientes con lupus ha sido un tema ampliamente debatido. Este láser, con longitud de onda de 595 nm, se encuentra fuera del espectro ultravioleta de radiación, el cual es responsable de la fotosensibilidad de los pacientes con lupus. Además, el riesgo de inducir nuevas lesiones por un efecto Koebner no ha sido constatado hasta el momento. El mecanismo por el cual el LCP resulta efectivo no está del todo claro. La hipótesis que formulan la mayoría de autores se basa en una destrucción selectiva de la microvasculatura de las lesiones del LEC, lo cual ocasionaría una reducción del ambiente inflamatorio y la consecuente mejoría clínica e histológica6. En ocasiones los pacientes con LEC reciben altas dosis de fármacos inmunosupresores (tópicos y sistémicos) con respuestas poco satisfactorias y efectos secundarios nada desde?ables. Resulta importante que los dermatólogos conozcamos esta alternativa terapéutica pese a no estar estandarizada en las guías clínicas o algoritmos, dado su potencial y bajo perfil de efectos secundarios. De igual modo serían necesarios futuros estudios sobre la utilidad del LCP en el LEC, con el objetivo de poder ofrecer este tratamiento con un grado de recomendación apropiado.
关键词： Cutaneous lupus erythematosus,Discoid lupus,Subacute lupus,Therapeutics,Tumidus lupus,Pulsed dye laser
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Sequential anaerobic and electro-Fenton processes mediated by W and Mo oxides for degradation/mineralization of azo dye methyl orange in photo assisted microbial fuel cells
摘要： The intensification of the degradation and mineralization of the azo dye methyl orange (MO) in contaminated water with simultaneous production of renewable electrical energy was achieved in photo-assisted microbial fuel cells (MFCs) operated sequentially under anaerobic - aerobic processes, in the presence of Fe(III) and W and Mo oxides catalytic species. In this novel process, the W and Mo oxides deposited on the graphite felt cathodes accelerated electron transfer and the reductive decolorization of MO. Simultaneously, the mineralization of MO and intermediate products was intensified by the production of hydroxyl radicals (HO?) produced by (i) the photoreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), and by (ii) the reaction of the photochemically and electrochemically produced Fe(II) with hydrogen peroxide, which was produced in-situ during the aerobic stage. Under anaerobic conditions, the reductive decolorization of MO was driven by cathodic electrons, while the partial oxidation of the intermediates proceeded through holes oxidation, producing N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. In contrast, under aerobic conditions superoxide radicals (O2?-) were predominant to HO?, forming 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylaniline. In the presence of Fe(III) and under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of the intermediate products driven by HO? superseded that of O2?-, yielding phenol and amines, via the oxidation of 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. These sequential anaerobic and electro-Fenton processes led to the production of benzene and significantly faster oxidation reactions, compared to either the anaerobic or the aerobic operation in the presence of Fe(III). Complete degradation and mineralization (96.8 ± 3.5%) of MO (20 mg/L) with simultaneous electricity production (0.0002 kWh/kg MO) was therefore achieved with sequential anaerobic (20 min) - aerobic (100 min) operation in the presence of Fe(III) (10 mg/L). This study demonstrates an alternative and environmentally benign approach for efficient remediation of azo dye contaminated water with simultaneous production of renewable energy.
关键词： azo dye,decolorization,photo-assisted microbial fuel cells,electro-Fenton,mineralization
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Carbon Nanotube-Supported Cu <sub/>3</sub> P as High-Efficiency and Low-Cost Cocatalysts for Exceptional Semiconductor-Free Photocatalytic H <sub/>2</sub> Evolution
摘要： Developing an inexpensive and high-efficiency hydrogen-production cocatalyst to replace the noble metal Pt remains a big challenge in the fields of sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, we report the exploration of a high-efficient binary noble metal free Cu3P-CNT H2-evolution cocatalyst by direct high-temperature phosphatizing of Cu(OH)2-CNT. Impressively, combining the advantages of noble metal free Cu3P and carbon nanotube (CNT), the binary Cu3P-CNT cocatalysts show high-efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution in Eosin Y(EY)-contained semiconductor-free photocatalytic systems. The maximum visible-light H2-generation rate for promising EY-Cu3P-CNT systems was 17.22 mmolg-1h-1. The highest apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) could reach 10.23% at 500 nm. More importantly, we found that the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in the Eosin Y, the efficiency of electron transfer from EY to the active edge sites of Cu3P, and the electrocatalytic H2-evolution activity of Cu3P, could be simultaneously boosted via readily adding the conductive CNT, thus achieving the significantly improved photocatalytic H2 evolution. This work provides a simple and facile strategy to design highly efficient semiconductor-free photocatalytic proton-reduction systems using high-activity transition metal phosphides (TMPs) and inexpensive carbon nanomaterials.
关键词： Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution,noble metal-free Cu3P Co-catalysts,Solar Fuel,Carbon nanotube (CNT),Dye sensitization
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Color removal from wastewater by photocatalytic process using titanium dioxide-coated glass, ceramic tile, and stainless steel sheets
摘要： Dye pollutants from textile industries are a major wastewater problem because they have complex chemical structures. Photocatalysis is a promising wastewater treatment method, which is used to remove dyes under light irradiation in the presence of a photocatalyst. In this article, titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was synthesized through sol-gel technique and coated on different substrates (i.e. transparent glass, glazed ceramic tile, and stainless steel) by doctor blade technique. The coated substrates were used in an innovative reactor to remove colors in dye wastewater. The photocatalytic activities of the designed reactor were determined using a synthetic dye wastewater (methylene blue) under UV irradiations (36W-UVA or 30W-UVC lamps). The results showed that the optimum substrate yielded the highest color removal efficiency (93.03 ± 0.66%) was TiO2-coated glass under UVC irradiation. The recycling ability of TiO2-coated glass sheet was also evaluated. It was found that TiO2-coated glass sheet provided the same efficiencies for 20 cycles. In addition, the actual wastewater from textile industry was tested in this study with different pH values (i.e. pH = 3e11). The maximum color removal obtained was 87.86 ± 0.23% at pH value 11 on TiO2-coated glass under UVC irradiation. The color removal was found to decrease with decreasing pH.
关键词： Photocatalysis,Color removal,Wastewater treatment,Titanium dioxide,Dye wastewater
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Bright red-emitting highly reliable styryl probe with large stokes shift for visualizing mitochondria in live cells under wash-free conditions
摘要： Bright red-emitting pyridinium cyanine based styryl probe 2 is synthesized in good yields. Probe 2 demonstrated a large Stokes’ shift (Δλ ≈ 128 nm, 4227 cm-1 in DCM) and excellent fluorescent quantum yield (?fl ≈ 0.2 - 0.7) due to strong Intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT). Probe 2 found to exhibit exceptional selectivity for cellular mitochondria in both normal (COS-7) and cancer (A549) cell lines. Probe 2 is readily applicable as a “wash-free” dye to visualize mitochondria as it does not require post-staining washing prior to imaging. Styryl probe 2 also showed an excellent biocompatibility as the calculated LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) value was > 20 μM. Probe 2 emission did not show any interferences from anionic species or other biological molecules. Probe 2 is readily excitable (λex ~460 and λem ~618 nm) with the available laser (454 nm) in commercial microscopes and thus it can be a useful probe for mitochondrial tracking in live cells.
关键词： Wash-free application,Biocompatibility,Intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT),Styryl dye,Large Stokes shift,Mitochondria selectivity
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Facile fabrication of phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 exhibiting enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation performance toward textile dye
摘要： Phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride (P-g-C3N4) was facilely fabricated by in situ thermal copolymerization of urea and triphenylphosphine source materials. The P-g-C3N4 exhibited an enhanced photocatalytic performance than pristine g-C3N4 counterpart for the degradation of rhodamine B and acid blue D-2BR textile dye under visible light irradiation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) techniques were used to characterized the structure and property of P-g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The phosphorus doping enhanced visible light harvesting and surface area, but also substantially changed the electronic property of g-C3N4 material that could suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, and thus improved photocatalytic performance.
关键词： Textile dye,Porous photocatalyst,Visible light,Degradation,Phosphorus-doped g-C3N4
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Fighting aggregation-caused quenching and leakage of dyes in fluorescent polymer nanoparticles: universal role of counterion
摘要： Dye-loaded polymer nanoparticles (NPs) emerge as a powerful tool for bioimaging applications, owing to their exceptional brightness and controlled small size. However, aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and leakage of dyes at high loading remain important challenges of these nanomaterials. The use of bulky hydrophobic counterions has been recently proposed as an effective approach to minimize ACQ and dye leakage, but the role of counterion structure is still poorly understood. Here, a systematic study based on ten counterions, ranging from small hydrophilic perchlorate up to large hydrophobic tetraphenylborate derivatives, reveals how counterion nature can control encapsulation and emission of a cationic dye (rhodamine B octadecyl ester) in NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation of a biodegradable polymer, poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). We found that increase in counterion hydrophobicity enhances dye encapsulation efficiency and prevents dye adsorption at the particle surface. Cellular imaging studies revealed that ≥95% encapsulation efficiency, achieved with most hydrophobic counterions (fluorinated tetraphenylborates), is absolutely required, because non-encapsulated dye species at the NPs surface are the origin of dye leakage and strong background in cells. The size of counterions is found to be essential to prevent ACQ, where the largest species, serving as effective spacer between dyes, provide the highest fluorescence quantum yield. Moreover, we found that the most hydrophobic counterions favor dye-dye coupling inside NPs, leading to ON/OFF fluorescence switching of single particles. By contrast, less hydrophobic counterions tend to disperse dyes in the polymer matrix favoring stable emission of NPs. The obtained structure-property relationships validate the counterion-based approach as a mature concept to fight ACQ and dye leakage in the development of advanced polymeric nanomaterials with controlled optical properties.
关键词： dye-loaded polymer nanoparticles,fluorescent nanoparticles,bulky hydrophobic counterion,aggregation-caused quenching,bioimaging
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52