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Assessing the sustainability of emerging technologies: A probabilistic LCA method applied to advanced photovoltaics
摘要： A key source of uncertainty in the environmental assessment of emerging technologies is the unpredictable manufacturing, use, and end-of-life pathways a technology can take as it progresses from lab to industrial scale. This uncertainty has sometimes been addressed in life cycle assessment (LCA) by performing scenario analysis. However, the scenario-based approach can be misleading if the probabilities of occurrence of each scenario are not incorporated. It also brings about a practical problem; considering all possible pathways, the number of scenarios can quickly become unmanageable. We present a modelling approach in which all possible pathways are modelled as a single product system with uncertain processes. These processes may or may not be selected once the technology reaches industrial scale according to given probabilities. An uncertainty analysis of such a system provides a single probability distribution for each impact score. This distribution accounts for uncertainty about the product system’s final configuration along with other sources of uncertainty. Furthermore, a global sensitivity analysis can identify whether the future selection of certain pathways over others will be of importance for the variance of the impact score. We illustrate the method with a case study of an emerging technology for front-side metallization of photovoltaic cells.
关键词： sustainability assessment,LCA,uncertainty,global sensitivity analysis,Life cycle assessment,emerging technologies
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - A Generalized Analytic Model to Tailor Back Contact Design of Bifacial PERC-type Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub/>2</sub> solar cells
摘要： Information security has emerged as an important system and application metric. Classical security solutions use algorithmic mechanisms that address a small subset of emerging security requirements, often at high-energy and performance overhead. Further, emerging side-channel and physical attacks can compromise classical security solutions. Hardware security solutions overcome many of these limitations with less energy and performance overhead. Nanoelectronics-based hardware security preserves these advantages while enabling conceptually new security primitives and applications. This tutorial paper shows how one can develop hardware security primitives by exploiting the unique characteristics such as complex device and system models, bidirectional operation, and nonvolatility of emerging nanoelectronic devices. This paper then explains the security capabilities of several emerging nanoelectronic devices: memristors, resistive random-access memory, contact-resistive random-access memory, phase change memories, spin torque-transfer random-access memory, orthogonal spin transfer random access memory, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowire field-effect transistors, and nanoelectronic mechanical switches. Further, the paper describes hardware security primitives for authentication, key generation, data encryption, device identification, digital forensics, tamper detection, and thwarting reverse engineering. Finally, the paper summarizes the outstanding challenges in using emerging nanoelectronic devices for security.
关键词： Emerging technologies,memristors,hardware security,PCMs,physical unclonable functions
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Identifying the Development Trends of Emerging Technologies Using Patent Analysis and Web News Data Mining: The Case of Perovskite Solar Cell Technology
摘要： Identifying the development trends of emerging technologies with disruptive potential as early as possible is crucial for enterprise research and development (R&D) investment planning and government R&D strategic planning. Many researchers have used academic papers and patent data to identify trends in emerging technologies, although they rarely have made use of web news data focused on emerging technologies. Web news contains a large amount of social awareness data that represents the public’s sense of and response to emerging technologies, and the social awareness data is of great signi?cance for identifying the development trends of emerging technologies. Therefore, this article presented a research framework to identify the development trends of emerging technologies using patent analysis and web news data mining. In the research framework, ?rst, we have used patent analysis to analyze the evolution topics of these emerging technologies, and have applied the topic model to study the changing patterns of publics’ topics of concern regarding emerging technologies contained in web news. Second, we have made a comparison analysis of the results of patent analysis and the public’ sense of and response to emerging technologies contained in web news. Then, we have applied an improved sentiment analysis to study the changing patterns of publics’ expectations for emerging technologies contained in web news. Finally, by studying the changes in publics’ topics of concern and publics’ expectations for emerging technologies over time, we have identi?ed the development trends of emerging technologies. The perovskite solar cells technology is used as a case study to analyze the effectiveness and feasibility of the framework. This article provides a new research perspective to identify technology trends, and contribute to the technology forecasting methodology.
关键词： social awareness,technology forecasting,Emerging technologies,perovskite solar cells,patent analysis,web news
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Best practices for measuring emerging light-emitting diode technologies
摘要： The arrival of light-emitting diodes based on new materials is posing challenges for the characterization and comparison of devices in a trusted and consistent manner. Here we provide some advice and guidelines that we hope will benefit the community.
关键词： LED characterization,emerging technologies,performance metrics,standardization,light-emitting diodes
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[ACM Press the 15th International Conference - Rovaniemi, Finland (2016.12.12-2016.12.15)] Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia - MUM '16 - Indoor light scavenging on smartphones
摘要： There is a limited amount of scavenging alternatives for smartphones. We assess the feasibility of using indoor light to extend smartphones’ battery life. We build a prototype charger that demonstrates that indoor light scavenging is a practical method that can substantially extend battery life on smartphones. The results show that it is feasible and practical to extend battery life with this energy harvesting method. We finally discuss certain obstacles that need to be overcome, especially the redesign of operating systems to account for energy harvesting.
关键词： emerging technologies,energy-aware systems,power management
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14