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Pay-As-You-Go financing: A model for viable and widespread deployment of solar home systems in rural India
摘要： Decentralised Solar Home Systems (SHSs) are established as an effective strategy to connect the ‘last mile’ without electricity access and leapfrog communities to clean energy solutions. According to the World Bank, the Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) model has emerged as one of the effective commercially viable solutions to provide decentralised energy access to rural and remote communities in developing nations. The paying ability of households is a critical challenge for energy enterprises, and PAYG, with its easy payment schemes makes solar units affordable and allows households to gradually own these systems. The model also offers user training, ongoing maintenance, and service blocking functionality that minimises investment risk. The PAYG model has demonstrated huge success in Sub-Saharan Africa where Kenya pioneered the model as a cost competitive modern alternative for kerosene. One in five people in India lack access to electricity, and grid-connected rural communities often face frequent blackouts. With the advancement in distributed solar technologies and growing penetration of the mobile telecommunications network in India, PAYG could advance into a successful model to electrify communities living off the grid. Our analysis involves a two-dimensional approach where a systematic review of PAYG literature including case studies from Kenya and India was performed, followed by three expert interviews to further augment learnings and opportunities to deploy PAYG SHSs in India. This analysis finds that India's socio-political context seems suited for increased PAYG penetration, including utilising the opportunity provided by the country's Unified Payments Interface. This paper offers insights for practitioners and policymakers to consider the PAYG model to deploy clean electricity to households and rural micro-enterprises.
关键词： Public-private partnership,Decentralised renewable energy,Flexible repayment,Energy access,Rural electrification,Pay-As-You-Go model (PAYG)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Photovoltaic Solar Technologies: Solution to Affordable, Sustainable, and Reliable Energy Access for All in Rwanda
摘要： Despite remarkable economic growth and development in recent decades, Rwanda has been still facing energy crises and challenges. Although the country has considerable energy assets, less than 10% is utilized for its local electricity needs. Currently, national installed generation capacity is estimated at 221 MW, for a population around 12 million, and electricity access is estimated at 51% (37% grid and 14% off-grid networks). About half the population is without electricity access while the grid-connected users face high electricity tariffs and frequent power outages (blackouts). The national grid itself is also experiencing high losses. This paper used the HOMER software for modeling the optimal, sustainable, reliable, and affordable photovoltaic solar technologies as energy solutions for all (off-grid and on-grid users) in Rwanda. The selection and recommendation of a suitable photovoltaic (PV) solar technology depend on its annual electricity production capacity, electrical load, renewable energy penetration percentage, economic viability, feasibility, affordability, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emission level for climate change considerations towards a clean and greener future. The results show that the least cost of energy (LCOE) for electricity production by each of the solar PV systems with storage, PV-grid-connected household, and PV-grid connection with storage was 67.5%, 56.8%, and 33.9%, respectively, lower than the normal electricity tariff in Rwanda. The PV systems with storage proposed in this paper could be effective in increasing national energy resource exploitation, providing affordable and reliable energy access to all citizens.
关键词： photovoltaic solar technologies,HOMER software,renewable energy,energy access,Rwanda
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Diffusion on the ground: Rethinking the logic of scale and access in off-grid solar in Sri Lanka
摘要： Off-grid solar photovoltaics have come to play a leading role in the current challenge of achieving the 7th Sustainable Development Goal of access to modern energy for all by 2030. In this context, the goal of achieving scale and accelerating growth in the off-grid solar market is now considered prominent and urgent. This paper presents an ethnographic account of the diffusion of Solar Home Systems (SHSs) under the Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development (RERED) project in Sri Lanka which came to an end in 2011. Based on ethnographic data from 2012 and 2018 it shows that a successful model for the diffusion of SHSs is not necessarily or automatically the same as a successful model for lasting energy access. The paper thus challenges the assumption that accelerated growth in the off-grid solar market will lead straightforwardly to sustainable access to electricity for people in countries of the global south. Focusing on the experiences of project administrators, solar installers and owners of SHSs during and after the RERED project it provides insight into how diffusion was achieved on the ground and with what consequences after the project came to an end. It argues for a need to look at the different kinds of relations, imaginaries, ideas and practices involved in diffusion in action in order to better understand what is being achieved on the ground.
关键词： Energy access,Solar,Scalability,Diffusion,Sri Lanka
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36