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Infrared Light Management Using a Nanocrystalline Silicon Oxide Interlayer in Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells with Efficiency above 25%
摘要： Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are attractive for their potential for boosting cell efficiency beyond the crystalline silicon (Si) single-junction limit. However, the relatively large optical refractive index of Si, in comparison to that of transparent conducting oxides and perovskite absorber layers, results in significant reflection losses at the internal junction between the cells in monolithic (two-terminal) devices. Therefore, light management is crucial to improve photocurrent absorption in the Si bottom cell. Here it is shown that the infrared reflection losses in tandem cells processed on a flat silicon substrate can be significantly reduced by using an optical interlayer consisting of nanocrystalline silicon oxide. It is demonstrated that 110 nm thick interlayers with a refractive index of 2.6 (at 800 nm) result in 1.4 mA cm?2 current gain in the silicon bottom cell. Under AM1.5G irradiation, the champion 1 cm2 perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem cell exhibits a top cell + bottom cell total current density of 38.7 mA cm?2 and a certified stabilized power conversion efficiency of 25.2%.
关键词： monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells,infrared photocurrent absorption,nanocrystalline silicon oxide interlayers
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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Tuning Contact Resistance in Top-Contact <i>p</i> -Type and <i>n</i> -Type Organic Field Effect Transistors by Self-Generated Interlayers
摘要： Contact resistance significantly limits the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Positioning interlayers at the metal/organic interface can tune the effective work-function and reduce contact resistance. Myriad techniques offer interlayer processing onto the metal pads in bottom-contact OFETs. However, most methods are not suitable for deposition on organic films and incompatible with top-contact OFET architectures. Here, a simple and versatile methodology is demonstrated for interlayer processing in both p- and n-type devices that is also suitable for top-contact OFETs. In this approach, judiciously selected interlayer molecules are co-deposited as additives in the semiconducting polymer active layer. During top contact deposition, the additive molecules migrate from within the bulk film to the organic/metal interface due to additive-metal interactions. Migration continues until a thin continuous interlayer is completed. Formation of the interlayer is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cross-section scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and its effect on contact resistance by device measurements and transfer line method (TLM) analysis. It is shown that self-generated interlayers that reduce contact resistance in p-type devices, increase that of n-type devices, and vice versa, confirming the role of additives as interlayer materials that modulate the effective work-function of the organic/metal interface.
关键词： organic electronics,TLM,self-generated interlayers,organic field-effect transistors
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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High voltage vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells with organic semiconducting interlayers
摘要： In perovskite solar cells, the choice of appropriate transport layers and electrodes is of great importance to guarantee efficient charge transport and collection, minimizing recombination losses. The possibility to sequentially process multiple layers by vacuum methods offers a tool to explore the effects of different materials and their combinations on the performance of optoelectronic devices. In this work, the effect of introducing interlayers and altering the electrode work function has been evaluated in fully vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells. We compared the performance of solar cells employing common electron buffer layers such as bathocuproine (BCP), with other injection materials used in organic light-emitting diodes, such as lithium quinolate (Liq), as well as their combination. Additionally, high voltage solar cells were obtained using low work function metal electrodes, although with compromised stability. Solar cells with enhanced photovoltage and stability under continuous operation were obtained using BCP and BCP/Liq interlayers, resulting in an efficiency of approximately 19%, which is remarkable for simple methylammonium lead iodide absorbers.
关键词： stability,perovskite solar cells,bathocuproine,interlayers,electron buffer layers,photovoltage,vacuum-deposited,organic light-emitting diodes,lithium quinolate
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Fullerenea??Based Interlayers for Breaking Energy Barriers in Organic Solar Cells
摘要： Organic solar cells (OSCs) are lightweight, flexible, and have easy solution processability, thus making them advantageous for large-area device fabrication. The interlayer materials between the electrodes and organic active layer are vital elements for device fabrication. Recently, solution-processable fullerene derivatives have been studied intensively as efficient electrode interlayer materials for solar cell applications. In this Minireview, we summarize recent advances using fullerene derivatives as interlayers in OSCs. The examples include fullerene interlayers from small molecules to polymers, and to organic composites or organic/inorganic hybrid materials. We focus on the comprehensive efforts in developing fullerene-based interlayers and present the understanding of multiple functionalities of these materials as cathode interlayers in bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) OSCs. Our motivation is to describe our current understanding, recent progress, and outstanding issues of fullerene interlayers in OSCs, and propose future potential directions and opportunities.
关键词： fullerenes,interlayers,organic solar cells,surface modifications,interface engineering
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Employing Solutiona??Processed Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Differently Charged Side Chains
摘要： Poly(6-(4,7-dimethyl-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-N,N,N-trimethylhexan-1 aminium iodide) (PBTz-TMAI) and poly(sodium 4-(4,7-dimethyl-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)butane-1-sulfonate) (PBTz-SO3Na) based on the same benzotriazole-conjugated backbone but with ammonium and sulfonated side chains are designed and synthesized through side-chain functionalization and Yamamoto polymerization, respectively, and are used as the cathode interlayers in fullerene- and non-fullerene-based polymer solar cells. The interfacial modification of PBTz-TMAI and PBTz-SO3Na onto the active layer achieves good energy alignment at cathode electrodes and optimized exciton-dissociation efficiency from the active layer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.8% and 9.6% are obtained for the fullerene PTB7:PC71BM-based and non-fullerene PBDB-T:ITIC-based polymer solar cells (PSCs) with PBTz-SO3Na interlayer. The PCS devices based on PTB7:PC71BM and PBDB-T:ITIC active layers with PBTz-TMAI interlayer achieved a remarkably improved performance with PCEs of 8.2% and 10.2%, respectively.
关键词： cathode interlayers,polymer solar cells,conjugated polyelectrolytes
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Composite Interlayer Consisting of Alcohol-Soluble Polyfluorene and Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： We report the synthesis of composite interlayers using alcohol-soluble polyfluorene (ASP)-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and their application as electron transport layers for efficient organic solar cells. The ASP enables the individual dispersion of SWNTs in solution. The ASP-wrapped SWNT solutions are stable for 54 days without any aggregation or precipitation, indicating their very high dispersion stability. Using the ASP-wrapped SWNTs as a cathode interlayer on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), a power conversion efficiency of 9.45% is obtained in PTB7-th:PC71BM-based organic solar cells, which is mainly attributed to the improvement in the short circuit current. Performance enhancements of 18% and 17% are achieved compared to those of pure ZnO NPs and ASP on ZnO NPs, respectively. In addition, the composite interlayer is applied to non-fullerene-based photovoltaics with PM6:Y6, resulting in the PCE up to 14.37%. The type of SWNT (e.g., in terms of diameter range and length) is not critical to the improvement in the charge-transport properties. A low density of SWNTs in the film (~1 SWNTs/μm2 for ASP-wrapped SWNTs) has a significant influence on the charge transport in solar cells. The improvement in the performance of the solar cell is attributed to the increased internal quantum efficiency, balanced mobility between electrons and holes, and minimized charge recombination.
关键词： interfacial layers,alcohol-soluble polyfluorene,interlayers,organic solar cells,conjugated polyelectrolytes,Carbon nanotubes,electron transport layers,composites
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Importance of Device Structure and Interlayer Design in Storage Stability of Naphthalene Diimide-based All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： While excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSC) have been demonstrated, the storage stability of all-PSCs has rarely been studied. In this paper, the storage stability of all-PSCs is systematically investigated and compared to fullerene-based polymer solar cells (PCBM-PSCs). We identify that the efficient inverted type all-PSCs made with a molybdenum oxide (MoO3) anode interfacial layer can exhibit degradation over short periods of storage even under inert nitrogen-filled and dark conditions, while the control inverted PCBM-PSCs containing the same polymer donor (PDs) are relatively more stable. To elucidate the origin of the poor storage stability, morphological and electrical properties of all-PSCs are investigated. We reveal that the work function of MoO3 is largely changed during the storage because of the interaction between MoO3 and the underneath naphthalene dimide (NDI)-based PAs. This causes unfavorable energy-level alignment in devices, resulting in increased charge recombination and deteriorated charge collecting efficiency. To resolve this issue, we propose two effective strategies: i) introducing a passivation layer to physically separate the NDI-based PAs and MoO3, and ii) replacing MoO3 with an efficient polymer interlayer. We prove that the modified all-PSCs not only exhibit the excellent storage stability with high power conversion efficiency for more than 45 days, but also show high air-stability even without encapsulation. Our findings provide better understanding of the storage stability of all-PSCs and suggest future guidelines for efficient and burn-in free all-PSCs.
关键词： stability,burn-in degradation,all-polymer solar cells,storage lifetime,interlayers,naphthalene diimide polymers
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD) - Ottawa, ON, Canada (2019.7.8-2019.7.12)] 2019 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD) - The Influence of Periodic Ultra-thin AlN Interlayers in Multiplication Region on the GaN Avalanche Photodiode
摘要： GaN APD with periodic ultra-thin AlN interlayers in multiplication region has been proposed to obtain a high gain at constant voltage mode. The influence of interlayers on the multiplication process was the AlN numerically simulated and analyzed. The results predict that the multiplication process contains three different stages with the increase of the reverse voltage. The experimental results agree with the numerically simulation very well and a high gain of 6×104 at constant voltage mode was obtained.
关键词： constant voltage mode,Avalanche photodiodes,AlN interlayers,high gain
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Sputter deposited titanium oxide layers as efficient electron selective contacts in organic photovoltaic devices
摘要： Organic photovoltaics (OPV) has recently reached power conversion efficiencies of 17.3%, making it a green technology that not only offers short energy payback times and diverse photovoltaic integration schemes, but also can deliver competitive power outputs. OPV typically employs electron selective contact layers made from low work function n-type metal oxide semiconductors, such as titanium oxide (TiO2) or zinc oxide (ZnO), developed from a variety of deposition techniques. However, in the case of TiO2 interlayers, the appearance of unwanted s-shape characteristics has been reported extensively in the literature in the past, for a variety of different deposition method used. It has been shown that the s-shape arises from negatively charged chemisorbed oxygen, and that it can be deactivated by UV light illumination, which, however, is hardly compatible with real-life OPV application. In this work, we introduce sputtered crystalline titanium oxide layers as efficient s-shape-free electron selective extraction layers in organic solar-cell devices. We demonstrate that the onset of crystallization takes place at substrate growth temperatures of around 100°C for the TiOx thin films, and that the crystallization onset temperature correlates well with a strong increase in device performance, and the removal of any s-shape characteristics. Optical, structural, compositional and electronic energy-level characterizations of the TiOx layers are shown in the present work, and point to the formation of an oxide with a low surface-defect density, developed from the sputter-crystallization process. Importantly, well-functioning s-shape free PTB7:PC70BM devices are demonstrated for TiOx growth temperatures of 155°C.
关键词： Sputter Deposition,Metal Oxide Interlayers,S-Shape Free,Titanium Oxide,Organic photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Tailoring and Modifying an Organic Electron Acceptor toward the Cathode Interlayer for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
摘要： With the rapid advance of organic photovoltaic materials, the energy level structure, active layer morphology, and fabrication procedure of organic solar cells (OSCs) are changed significantly. Thus, the photoelectronic properties of many traditional electrode interlayers have become unsuitable for modifying new active layers; this limits the further enhancement in OSC efficiencies. Herein, a new design strategy of tailoring the end-capping unit, ITIC, to develop a cathode interlayer (CIL) material for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in OSCs is demonstrated. The excellent electron accepting capacity, suitable energy level, and good film-forming ability endow the S-3 molecule with an outstanding electron extraction property. A device with S-3 shows a PCE of 16.6%, which is among the top values in the field of OSCs. More importantly, it is demonstrated that the electrostatic potential difference between the CIL molecule and the polymer donor plays a crucial role in promoting exciton dissociation at the CIL/active layer interface, contributing to additional charge generation; this is crucial for enhancement of the current density. The results of this work not only develop a new design strategy for high-performance CIL, but also demonstrate a reliable approach of density functional theory (DFT) calculation to predict the effect of the CIL chemical structure on exciton dissociation in OSCs.
关键词： organic electron acceptors,cathode interlayers,charge density difference,organic solar cells,high efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22