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Device characteristics and material developments of indoor photovoltaic devices
摘要： Indoor photovoltaics (IPVs), which convert the indoor light energy into direct electricity, have attracted research attention due to their potential use as an excellent amicable solution of sustainable power source to drive low-power-needed sensors for the internet of things (IoT) applications. Our daily life adopts various indoor light sources, such as indirect sunlight, incandescent lamps, halogen lamps, ?uorescent lamps, and LED bulbs, that typically deliver lower light intensity (200–1000 lux) as compared to that of sun light (～100,000 lx). In this review, we ?rstly classi?ed the indoor lights depending on their working mechanism and resulting emission spectrum. Because the indoor light intensities are rather low that may lead to overestimate/underestimate the power conversion e?ciency (PCE) of IPV devices, then, the cautious points for correctly measuring the indoor light intensity as well as the device characteristics are summarized. Several light sources with various light intensities are reported so far, but for lack of common or standard calibration meter that induces a ambiguity in PCE determination, so we suggest/propose to use a universal LED lux meter with NIST-traceable calibration (e.g. Extech LT40-NIST) and also recommended the device results are expressed in maximum power point Pmax along with PCE values. It is generally believed that the materials play key roles on the performance of the IPV devices. Since the indoor light intensity is much weaker as compared to that of outdoor irradiation, the typical inferior photo-stability of organic materials under sunlight may not be as crucial as we considered to harvest indoor light energy, opening a great room for organic IPV material developments. In principle, all materials for outdoor PVs may also be useful for IPVs, but the fundamental material requirement for IPVs which needs su?ciently covering the absorption range between the 350–700 nm with high molar extinction coe?cient should be primarily concerned. In order to get the thorough knowledge of materials for achieving better e?cient IPVs, the reported IPVs were collected and summarized. According to these reports, the materials utilized for IPVs have been classi?ed into two major groups, inorganic and organic materials, then divided them into several sub-classes, including (1) silicon and III-V semiconductor photovoltaics, (2) dye-sensitized photovoltaics, (3) organic photovoltaics, and (4) perovskite-based photovoltaics, depend on their structural nature and device working principle. For every individual class, the structure-property-e?ciency relationship of the materials was analyzed together with the highlights on the best e?ciency material, challenge and perspective. For inorganic IPV materials, III-V semiconductor GaAs-based IPVs performed a very impressive PCE (28%). For dye sensitizers, there are more ?exible strategies to modulate the absorption pro?les of organic materials. A high e?ciency dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)-based IPV with a PCE up to 32% has been successfully realized with co-sensitized dyes. For organic solar cell (OSC)-based IPVs, fullerene-based acceptors are advantageous for their well-matching desired absorption range and superior electron transport features. A recent OSC-based IPV with the active layer composed of dithienobenzene-based donor and fullerene acceptor was reported to deliver a PCE of 28%. Among these emerging photovoltaic materials, it is no doubt that perovskites (e.g. CH3NH3PbI3) are superior for solar energy conversion due to the crystallinity for good charge transport, better spectral coverage and the low exciton binding energy. Until very recent, a perovskite-based IPV with a PCE of 35% was reported with good stability by the incorporation of an ionic liquid for e?ectively passivating the surface of the perovskite ?lm, indicating the bright prospect of perovskite for IPV application. Overall, the review on these reports implies the essential criteria of materials suitable for IPVs that may trigger new ideas for developing future champion materials for various devices and the realization of practical IPV applications.
关键词： Organic solar cells,Dye-sensitized solar cells,Silicon and III-V semiconductors,Perovskite materials,Power conversion efficiency,Internet of Things,Organic materials,Indoor photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Knowledge-Based Sensors for Controlling A High-Concentration Photovoltaic Tracker
摘要： To reduce the cost of generated electrical energy, high-concentration photovoltaic systems have been proposed to reduce the amount of semiconductor material needed by concentrating sunlight using lenses and mirrors. Due to the concentration of energy, the use of tracker or pointing systems is necessary in order to obtain the desired amount of electrical energy. However, a high degree of inaccuracy and imprecision is observed in the real installation of concentration photovoltaic systems. The main objective of this work is to design a knowledge-based controller for a high-concentration photovoltaic system (HCPV) tracker. The methodology proposed consists of using fuzzy rule-based systems (FRBS) and to implement the controller in a real system by means of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. FRBS have demonstrated correct adaptation to problems having a high degree of inaccuracy and uncertainty, and IoT technology allows use of constrained resource devices, cloud computer architecture, and a platform to store and monitor the data obtained. As a result, two knowledge-based controllers are presented in this paper: the first based on a pointing device and the second based on the measure of the electrical current generated, which showed the best performance in the experiments carried out. New factors that increase imprecision and uncertainty in HCPV solar tracker installations are presented in the experiments carried out in the real installation.
关键词： sun tracker,high-concentration photovoltaic systems,knowledge-based sensor,Internet of Things
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 19th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR) - Belo Horizonte, Brazil (2019.12.2-2019.12.6)] 2019 19th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR) - The CALM System: New Generation Computer-Assisted Laser Microsurgery
摘要： An Enhanced-Internet that provides ultra-low-latency guaranteed-rate communications for Cloud Services is proposed. The network supports two traffic classes, the Smooth and Best-Effort classes. Smooth traffic flows receive low-jitter GR service over virtual-circuit-switched (VCS) connections with negligible buffering and queueing delays, up to 100% link utilizations, deterministic end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees, and improved energy efficiency. End-to-end delays are effectively reduced to the fiber 'time of flight.' A new router scheduling problem called the Bounded Normalized-Jitter integer-programming problem is formulated. A fast polynomial-time approximate solution is presented, allowing TDM-based router schedules to be computed in microseconds. We establish that all admissible traffic demands in any packet-switched network can be simultaneously satisfied with GR-VCS connections, with minimal buffering. Each router can use two periodic TDM-based schedules to support GR-VCS connections, which are updated automatically when the router's traffic rate matrix changes. The design of a Silicon-Photonics all-optical packet switch with minimal buffering is presented. The Enhanced-Internet can: 1) reduce router buffer requirements by factors of; 2) increase the Internet's aggregate capacity; 3) lower the Internet's capital and operating costs; and 4) lower greenhouse gas emissions through improved energy efficiency.
关键词： energy efficiency,DiffServ,cloud,low latency,Buffer sizes,routing,data centers,Future Internet,cloud computing,quality of service (QoS),scheduling
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Open Circuit Voltages for PERC Local Back Surface Fields Directly Resolved at the Nanoscale
摘要： Millimeter-sized and low-cost sensor nodes can enable future applications of the Internet of Things (IoT), for which the number of sensors is projected to grow to a trillion within the next decades. RF far-field power transfer is a potential technique for wirelessly powering these sensors since it offers flexible configuration of sensor networks, beamforming capability and a large power transfer range compared to near-field approaches. However, system design for RF power transfer needs to be completely rethought to enable this new paradigm of a trillion IoT sensors. This paper, therefore, presents a comprehensive, system-level analysis strategy and a modular framework for investigating the fundamental efficiency components in an RF power transfer chain. Through this detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the optimal frequency is primarily determined by the antenna size and the quality factors (Q) of components in the matching network. Millimeter-wave frequencies are shown to be optimal for powering mm-sized sensors for practical matching component Q values. An intuitive explanation of our results is also provided, along with insights for the design and practical implementation of RF power transfer systems for the IoT space.
关键词： millimeter-sized sensors,RF-DC converter,matching network,Antennas,wireless power transfer,Internet of Things (IoT)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Spatial Aggregation of Small-scale Photovoltaic Generation Using Voronoi Decomposition
摘要： Prognostics and systems health management (PHM) is an enabling discipline that uses sensors to assess the health of systems, diagnoses anomalous behavior, and predicts the remaining useful performance over the life of the asset. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) enables PHM to be applied to all types of assets across all sectors, thereby creating a paradigm shift that is opening up significant new business opportunities. This paper introduces the concepts of PHM and discusses the opportunities provided by the IoT. Developments are illustrated with examples of innovations from manufacturing, consumer products, and infrastructure. From this review, a number of challenges that result from the rapid adoption of IoT-based PHM are identified. These include appropriate analytics, security, IoT platforms, sensor energy harvesting, IoT business models, and licensing approaches.
关键词： remaining useful life,maintenance,prognostics and systems health management,reliability,Internet of things
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon) - Faridabad, India (2019.2.14-2019.2.16)] 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon) - IoT Enabled Real-Time Energy Monitoring for Photovoltaic Systems
摘要： The increasing demand for solar energy, high energy prices, and operational costs are all of which lead to several compelling reasons for the need for energy monitoring. In this paper, an Internet of Things based remote real-time energy monitoring system is developed to monitor the solar power generation. Various current and voltage sensors are integrated with a multipurpose microcontroller for aggregating the data. An IoT analytics platform is adapted to visualize the aggregated data and evaluate the energy generated for a given distributed generation system. This helps in continuous remote monitoring and results in improved efficiency of the power plants. The remote monitoring also helps in identifying various anomalies that may affect the operation of solar panels. The results depict the efficiency and error associated with the developed monitoring system, which proved to be better when compared with conventional energy monitoring systems.
关键词： Monitoring,Arduino Uno,PV Module,Current Sensor,Internet of Things (IoT),Voltage Sensor
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Substrate integrated waveguide cavity backed frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applies to internet of things applications
摘要： In this article, a new multiband frequency reconfigurable substrate integrated waveguide cavity slot antenna was designed using Computer Simulation Technology software tool for addressing the specific design challenges posed by the internet of things (IoT) based cognitive radio networks. Reconfiguration of frequency bands is achieved using PIN diodes. The antenna resonated at 2.624, 2.664, 2.720, 2.752, 4.304, 4.532, 4.556, 5.236, 5.304, 5.368, 5.332, and 5.392 GHz. The resonant frequency capability and radiation performance are demonstrated by both simulations and measurements. The simulated and measured results were in agreement. The higher efficiency, gain and average bandwidth obtained are 90%, 8.2 dBi and 65 MHz, respectively. The compactness, integrity, reliability, and performance at various operating frequencies make the proposed antenna a good candidate for IoT applications.
关键词： cognitive radio,frequency reconfigurable,PIN diodes,multiband,SIW,internet of things
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Investigations of the instantaneous performance of a solar chimney power plant installed in Aswan using IoT
摘要： Although solar chimney power plant (SCPP) has a promising potential to convert the solar energy to electric power, greater efforts are needed to ensure its successful commercialisation on a large scale. The main obstacles with regard to the large-scale applications of SCPP are its efficiency, bulk size and dependency on solar irradiation. A comprehensive study on the integration of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) as a novel technique to monitor and hence improve its performance is presented. A small-scale SCPP is designed and constructed specifically for this purpose in Aswan, Egypt. The instantaneous performance parameters (temperature, solar intensity, wind speed, open circuit voltage, power etc.) were measured and further processed using IoT. The results show that IoT has a promising potential to enhance the performance of the system by providing a complete picture of the whole measurements. This is considered as a step forward for enhancing the technologies which will ensure the success of large-scale SCPP in the real world.
关键词： solar chimney power plant,performance monitoring,renewable energy,Internet-of-Things
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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An Energy Management and Recommender System for Lighting Control in Internet-of-Energy enabled Buildings
摘要： Rising trend in urbanization has resulted in the emergence of buildings as major energy consumers. This has increased the burden on the grid which may eventually result into increment of gap between generation and demands. In order to address this problem, the current work focuses on developing nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) which incorporate distributed generation system and ?exible building loads. Accordingly, this work aims to enhance building energy e?ciency by retro?tting the electrical components of existing building structures. This includes a real-time monitoring system to track instantaneous power generation and demand to achieve an adequate energy balance in the building, while simultaneously taking suitable energy management and control decisions. The energy optimization and recommendation has been developed as a distributed control system based on multi-agent system architecture, with consideration of maximizing user comfort. The intelligent agents have been developed in JADE and optimization has been performed in MATLAB. The optimization and control signals are relayed to the appliances in an internet-of-energy based environment.
关键词： Energy Monitoring System,Internet of Energy,Zero Energy Building,Multi-Agent System
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting - Baltimore, MD, USA (2019.9.29-2019.10.3)] 2019 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting - Internet of Things (IoT)-Enabled Solar Micro Inverter Using Blockchain Technology
摘要： Performance of the conventional photovoltaic (PV) systems is limited by the on-board embedded systems in the solar inverters. Moreover, an expensive supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system or phase management units (PMUs) are still required for intelligent maintenance of the PV systems. It is expected that the conventional solar micro inverters can be advanced as a result of further investigation of the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and cloud/edge computing services. This paper proposes an internet of things (IoT)-enabled solar inverter using blockchain technology, which improving connectivity, observability, cyber security, and decentralized control toward a smarter PV system in smart grid environments. The IoT device incorporating blockchain technology enables the solar micro inverter to securely: 1) aggregate and send data to a main server for PV system health monitoring; 2) sharing data with other devices for decentralized optimal controls; and 3) execute PV inverter-level energy transaction and record. The concept of the proposed IoT-enabled solar micro inverter is validated by experimental studies.
关键词： internet of things,solar micro inverter,IoT,blockchain,smart contract
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22