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Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers Photosens, Holosens and Phthalosens: A comparative in vitro analysis
摘要： Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers, namely, clinically approved Photosens and new compounds Holosens and Phthalosens were analyzed on transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (T24) and human hepatic adenocarcinoma (SK-HEP-1). Photosens is a sulfated aluminum phthalocyanine with the number of sulfo groups 3.4, which is characterized by a high degree of hydrophilicity, slow cellular uptake, localization in lysosomes and the lowest photodynamic activity. Holosens is an octacholine zinc phthalocyanine, a cationic compound with significant charge. Holosens more efficiently enters the cells; it is localized in Golgi apparatus in addition to lysosomes and exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on cell viability upon irradiation. The highest photodynamic activity was demostrated by Phthalosens. Phthalosens is a metal-free analog of Photosens with a number of sulfo groups 2.5, which determines its amphiphilicity. Phthalosens is characterized by the highest rate of cellular uptake through the outer cell membrane, localization in cell membrane as well as in lysosomes and Golgi apparatus, and the highest activity upon irradiation among the photosensitizers studied. In general, changes in the physicochemical properties of Holosens and Phthalosens ensured an increase in their efficiency in vitro compared to Photosens. The features of accumulation, intracellular distribution and their interrelation with photodynamic activity, revealed in this work, indicate the prospects of Phthalosens and Holosens for clinical practice.
关键词： Photodynamic treatment,photodynamic activity,Holosens,dark toxicity,Phthalosens,Photosens,intracellular distribution,phthalocyanines
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Distribution in Living Cells
摘要： We have used Raman spectroscopy combined with confocal microscopy to study suspensions of single-wall and double-wall carbon nanotubes of different lengths and also multiwall carbon nanotubes. We have shown that the intensity of the G mode in the Raman spectrum of carbon nanotubes is directly proportional to the nanotube concentration, the exposure time, the exciting radiation power, and depth of focus in the transparent sample under study. We have established that the Raman spectra of longer carbon nanotubes (~1 μm) are characterized by higher intensity of the G mode compared with short carbon nanotubes (~250–450 nm). The dependences obtained were used to determine the local intracellular concentration of carbon nanotubes within the waist of the exciting laser beam, with the aim of mapping the carbon nanotube distribution inside the cells.
关键词： carbon nanotubes,local concentration,Raman spectroscopy,intracellular distribution,glioma cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36