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Photovoltaic Modules (Technology and Reliability) || 9. Loads for PV Modules
摘要： Like for all technical products operating outdoors, the materials used in PV modules are exposed to loads influencing their performance and causing degradation effects. Since for PV modules service life times of 20, 25, or even more years are expected the investigation of degradation effects, and relevant loads and stress factors is of special importance. The loads can be categorized into external loads by weather and internal loads which can be related to the operation of the PV module itself. This chapter lists the most important load factors and describes their most relevant properties and influences.
关键词： mechanical loads,external loads,chemical loads,UV-radiation,internal loads,humidity,PV modules,corrosivity,temperature,degradation
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Influence of Coupled Material Properties of BaTiO3 and CoFe2O4 on the Static Behavior of Thermo-Mechanically Loaded Magneto-Electro-Elastic Beam
摘要： The present article deals with analyzing the influence of volume fraction (Vf ) of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) and Cobalt-Ferric oxide (CoFe2O4) and its corresponding coupled material properties on the static response of multiphase magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cantilever beam. Using finite element (FE) methods, the variations of direct and derived quantities across the beam thickness are evaluated. The different volume fractions ranging from Vf =0.0 to Vf =1.0 are considered for analysis. The equilibrium equations are presented with the help of the total potential energy principle and coupled constitutive equations of MEE materials. The numerical results suggest that the displacement components vary accordingly with the volume fraction. In addition, it is found that the maximum electric potential is observed for Vf =0.2 due to pyro-effects, whereas maximum magnetic potential is obtained for Vf =0.0. The numerical study is extended to analyse the layered MEE beam. The influence of stacking sequence and different mechanical load forms on the direct quantities of the beam is evaluated. It is believed that for the precise design of any smart structure, the credibility of the material properties plays a significant role. Hence, in this regard an attempt has been made to understand the behavior of multiphase MEE beams with respect to different volume fractions of Barium titanate (BaTiO3) and Cobalt-Ferric oxide (CoFe2O4).
关键词： thermo-mechanical loads,magneto-electro-elastic,direct quantities,volume fraction
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22