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A Hybrid MMC-Based Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System
摘要： This paper proposes a new configuration and its control strategy for a modular multilevel converter (MMC)-based photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage (BES) system. In the MMC-based PV-BES system, each PV submodule is interfaced from its dc side with multiple PV generators using isolated dual active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converters. One BES system is embedded into each arm of the converter and is connected to the dc port of the associated BES submodule using multiple isolated DAB converters. The embedded BES systems are used to smooth the output power of the PV generators and limit the rate of change of the power delivered to the host grid. Moreover, they enable compensation of power mismatches between the arms and legs of the system by exchanging power with the arms of the converter. The paper then proposes a hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy using a combination of power exchange with the arms of the converter and internal power flow control of the MMC. The proposed hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy employs BES systems and differential currents to compensate power mismatches and transfer power between the arms and legs of the converter, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed power smoothing technique using the embedded BES systems and hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy is demonstrated using time-domain simulations conducted on a switched model of the PV-BES system in PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.
关键词： control,modular multilevel converter,power electronics,battery energy storage,photovoltaic,power mismatch,Differential current,energy conversion,integration
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A novel photovoltaic battery energy storage system based on modular multilevel converter
摘要： Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have been widely applied in photovoltaic battery energy storage systems (PV-BESSs). In this paper, a novel topology of PV-BESS based on MMC is proposed, where the batteries are connected to the sub-modules through DC-DC converters. It is necessary to analyze the control strategies of both DC-DC converters and MMC. Specifically, the capacitor voltage balancing and the modulation mode are important. The sorting method is proposed to balance the capacitor voltages in this paper. Moreover, carrier phase shift-square wave modulation with the highest voltage utilization ratio and the highest power transfer capability is proposed to generate PWM singles for MMC-PV-BESS. In order to verify the availability of the proposed control strategy, a simulation model is built and related experiments are carried out. The simulation results and experimental results are consistent with the theory. As a result, the voltages of all capacitors could be balanced, and the MMC-PV-BESS could reliably work.
关键词： photovoltaic,modular multilevel converter,battery energy storage system,DC-DC converter,control strategy
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[IEEE 2018 11th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimeter Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT) - HangZhou, China (2018.9.5-2018.9.7)] 2018 11th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimeter Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT) - Linear-to-Circular Polarization Conversion For Beam-Scanning Antenna Based On Self-Complementary Metasurface
摘要： Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are presently the converter topology of choice for voltage-source converter high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission schemes due to their very high efficiency. These converters are complex, yet fast and detailed electromagnetic transients simulation models are necessary for the research and development of these transmission schemes. Excellent work has been done in this area, though little objective comparison of the models proposed has yet been undertaken. This paper compares for the first time, the three leading techniques for producing detailed MMC VSC-HVDC models in terms of their accuracy and simulation speed for several typical simulation cases. In addition, an improved model is proposed which further improves the computational efficiency of one method. This paper concludes by presenting evidence-based recommendations for which detailed models are most suitable for which particular studies.
关键词： HVDC transmission,electromagnetic-transient (EMT) simulation,voltage-source converter (VSC),modular multilevel converter (MMC),Accelerated model
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT) - Guangzhou, China (2019.5.19-2019.5.22)] 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT) - Waveguide Switchable Bandstop and Bandpass Filters Using RF MEMS Switches
摘要： Modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology is discussed intensively as a crucial part of future dc grids, especially to integrate offshore wind power. While generalized voltage-source converter models are usually utilized for multiterminal investigations, conclusions on transient dc grid behavior and on ac–dc interactions during distorted ac grid conditions are hard to draw or are limited in their signi?cance. In this paper, a MMC-based dc grid framework with a tripartite focus on an internal converter as well as dc and ac grid control is presented. Besides, an evaluation of the implemented MMC model that incorporates the available arm sum voltage, a decoupled ac and dc current system control concept that is suitable to handle unbalanced voltage conditions is derived for HVDC applications. Combined with wind farm arrays, this collocation allows a meaningful examination of hybrid ACDC structures and the implemented dc grid control methodologies. To provide proof of the universal applicability of this framework, simulations are carried out on a ?ve-terminal system.
关键词： MMC energy balancing,unbalanced operation,wind power integration,HVDC grid control,Generalized modular multilevel converter (MMC) modeling,power converter
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Cu-doping Effects in CdSe <sub/>x</sub> Te <sub/>1-x</sub> /CdTe Solar Cells
摘要： Modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology is discussed intensively as a crucial part of future dc grids, especially to integrate offshore wind power. While generalized voltage-source converter models are usually utilized for multiterminal investigations, conclusions on transient dc grid behavior and on ac–dc interactions during distorted ac grid conditions are hard to draw or are limited in their signi?cance. In this paper, a MMC-based dc grid framework with a tripartite focus on an internal converter as well as dc and ac grid control is presented. Besides, an evaluation of the implemented MMC model that incorporates the available arm sum voltage, a decoupled ac and dc current system control concept that is suitable to handle unbalanced voltage conditions is derived for HVDC applications. Combined with wind farm arrays, this collocation allows a meaningful examination of hybrid ACDC structures and the implemented dc grid control methodologies. To provide proof of the universal applicability of this framework, simulations are carried out on a ?ve-terminal system.
关键词： MMC energy balancing,unbalanced operation,wind power integration,HVDC grid control,Generalized modular multilevel converter (MMC) modeling,power converter
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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An Alcohol-Soluble Polymer Electron Transport Layer Based on Perylene Diimide Derivatives for Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Modular multilevel converter with integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-BESS) has been proposed for energy storage requirements in high-voltage applications with large-scale renewable energy resources. The MMC-BESS is essentially a three-port converter which can transfer energy between any two of the ac port, dc port, and BESS, constituting multimode operation of the system. Different from conventional MMCs, the state-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency among batteries would magnify the submodule capacitor voltage unbalance issue in the MMC-BESS. In this study, an improved capacitor voltage balancing method applicable for multimode operation of MMC-BESS is proposed by adjusting ac and dc modulation indexes simultaneously. After that, the ratio of ac and dc modulation indexes is optimised to enhance the tolerance of unbalanced power among SMs within phase arm, greatly improving the SOC equalisation rate. Based on the proposed capacitor voltage balancing method, the control structure is given and the dynamic model is conducted for the analytic design of the closed-loop controller. Finally, the simulations and experimental results validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.
关键词： SOC equalisation,Multimode operation,Modular multilevel converter,Battery energy storage system,Capacitor voltage balancing
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) - Portland, OR, USA (2018.9.23-2018.9.27)] 2018 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) - Novel Voltage Balancing Techniques for Modular Multilevel PV Inverters
摘要： Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are widely used in medium and high voltage transmission systems and in STATCOM applications for improving the power quality. In this paper, a modified configuration of MMC is considered to integrate a MW PV plant with the high voltage grid more likely at the transmission side of the power system. A string of PV panels is connected across each of the submodules (SMs) of the modular multilevel PV inverter (MMPI). In addition, two novel voltage-balancing techniques have been proposed to regulate the SM capacitor voltages of the MMPI at different maximum power point voltages. The first technique utilizes the concept of capacitor sorting based on their voltages. The proposed algorithm generates the switching states based on the voltages of the other SM capacitors and hence reduces the ripple in the capacitor voltage. In the second technique, a novel and simplified logic function based voltage balancing technique is developed. This technique is computationally efficient, reduces the ripple in capacitor voltage, eliminates the requirement of a look-up table and can be easily extended to an N-level MMPI. A three-level and seven-level MMPI is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulated MMPI is tested under two scenarios for different temperature and irradiance conditions and various waveforms are showcased to ensure the efficacy of the proposed techniques.
关键词： Modular multilevel PV inverter (MMPI),Logic function,Maximum power point tracking (MPPT),Modular multilevel converter (MMC),Voltage balancing
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Paris, France (2018.10.14-2018.10.17)] 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Application of Model Predictive Control in Modular Multilevel Converters for MTPA Operation and reduced Switching Losses
摘要： In this paper, a one-step Model Predictive Control system is executed in the Multilevel modular converter (MMC) to control the speed of an Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine. Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) and Field Weakening (FW) control technique is utilized for the greatest yield torque. The proposed Control strategy tracks the reference produced by MTPA and FW calculation by freely directing voltages from the MMC modules. The proposed method also studies the relation between the switching losses of MOSFETs and sampling frequency, cost function and a number of modules in an MMC. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the appropriateness of this control procedure.
关键词： Model Predictive Control,Modular Multilevel Converter (MPC),Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA),Interior Permanent Magnet motor (IPM),Switching losses,Field Weakening (FW)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14