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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Progress Towards a Non-Lamination Encapsulation Technology to Improve Reliability and Reduce Costs
摘要： New solar module architectures and manufacturing technologies are being developed that significantly reduce manufacturing costs and improve reliability. Variants for both crystalline silicon and thin film devices are being optimized. The outcome of this ongoing program will be a new module designs, streamlined manufacturing processes and accelerated stress results showing improved reliability. Prototype encapsulation process will demonstrate cycle time under 1 minute compared to the current industry method of vacuum lamination which takes more than 10 minutes. The new technology will significantly lower manufacturing costs, process time and reduce capital expenditures by approximately 3-5 times
关键词： encapsulation,lamination,bifacial modules,module reliability
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Performance enhancement of photovoltaic panels using two types of nanofluids
摘要： One of the main problems that limit the extensive use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is the increase in the temperature of PV panels. Overheating of a PV module decreases the performance of the output power by 0.4% to 0.5% per 1°C over its rated temperature that in most cases is 25°C. An effective way of improving electrical performance (power output and efficiency) and reducing the rate of thermal degradation of a PV module is to reduce the operating temperature of the PV surface by a cooling medium. To achieve this, nanofluids can be considered as a potentially effective solution for cooling. In this study, two types of nanofluids, namely Al2O3 and TiO2 water‐based mixture of different volume flow rates and concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) by weight, were used. Also, three PV panels were cooled simultaneously using nanofluids, water, and natural air, respectively. Results showed that nanofluids for cooling enhanced heat transfer rate much better than water and natural air. Best results were achieved for TiO2 nanofluids at the considered concentration (0.1 wt%). Nanofluid cooling of turbulent flows for such an application has not been investigated before. These results represent the first application of nanofluid cooling in the turbulent flow regimes and in outdoor conditions including real solar irradiation.
关键词： photovoltaic module,Nusselt number,Al2O3,TiO2 nanofluids,heat transfer,electrical performance
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Enhancing fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell performance using integrated metallic grids to improve carbon electrode conductivity
摘要： Carbon based Perovskite Solar cells (C-PSCs) have emerged as the most promising candidates for commercialisation in the field of perovskite photovoltaics, as they are highly stable, low cost and make use of easily scaled manufacturing techniques. However, the limited conductivity of the carbon electrode inhibits performance and represents a significant barrier to commercial application. Τhis work presents a scalable method for enhancing the carbon electrode conductivity through the integration of aluminium and copper grids into prefabricated C-PSCs. Adhered to the cells using an additional low temperature carbon ink, the metallic grids were found to dramatically reduce top electrode series resistance, leading to a large improvement in fill factor and efficiency. After grid integration, the 1 cm2 C-PSCs yielded power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.4% and 13% for copper and aluminium respectively, while standard C-PSCs obtained PCE of 11.3%. Performance is also significantly augmented in the case of larger-scale 11.7 cm2 modules, where PCEs went from 7.7% to 10% and 11% for aluminium and copper grids respectively. This technique offers a fast and low temperature route to high-performance, large-area C-PSCs and could therefore have serious potential for application to the high-volume manufacture of perovskite cells and modules.
关键词： Module,Carbon based perovskite solar cell,Enhanced efficiency,Low temperature carbon ink,Metallic grid,Highly conductive carbon electrode
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Degradation and longevity of solar photovoltaic modulesa??An analysis of recent field studies in Ghana
摘要： Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has attracted an enormous amount of attention and investment in recent years—translating to record deployment levels. This is due in part to its potential role as a cleaner energy source in the emissions-constrained development agenda that is currently being pursued at both global and national levels. Solar PV has also been propelled to the forefront of today's menu of technological options by virtue of its attributes such as scalability, fast deployment lead times, and low operating cost. Substantial investments are needed in the coming years in order to accomplish climate targets and other goals set by various countries and regional/subregional blocs. In support of informed investment decision-making and ultimately, improved outcomes of solar PV projects, there has been an uptick in studies on operational performance of fielded PV systems across the globe. These studies are, however, geographically unbalanced, and there is the need for data from under-represented regions. This paper presents a synthesis of results obtained from recent seminal field studies on PV module performance degradation in Ghana. The studies altogether analyzed sixty-five (65) modules (mono- and polycrystalline silicon) from twenty-nine (29) installations across the country (1118 module-years). The field-aged modules were characterized in situ using current-voltage (I-V) curves, visual inspection checklists, and thermal imaging. Annual module performance degradation rates (peak power) of 0.8%-7%, 0.55%-2.07%, and 1.1%-2.4% were found for modules located in various climate subcategorizations.
关键词： module,degradation,photovoltaic,performance,Ghana
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A new approach for photovoltaic module cooling technique evaluation and comparison using the temperature dependent photovoltaic power ratio
摘要： Many photovoltaic module cooling techniques are available to reduce the solar cell temperature, resulting in enhanced e?ciency. Although the power of the photovoltaic module is usually reported as a measure for the performance of the cooling technique, the performance assessment and comparison among di?erent coolers become di?cult if di?erent photovoltaic module’s reference power is being utilized. The existing method requires calculations to be done repeatedly to obtain the photovoltaic module’s power, for any given value of the reference power. In order to compare the performance of the coolers, the use of the same reference power is needed, resulting in a lengthy process. Hence, a new assessment method is proposed, based on the temperature dependent photovoltaic module’s power ratio that is de?ned and derived. The new method identi?es the relevant parameters that are essential for measuring the performance of the cooler such as the power of a photovoltaic module with a cooler and the reference power at photovoltaic module’s standard test conditions. The outcome is that the calculation of the unknown power for di?erent reference power can be instantly obtained and the performance comparison among di?erent coolers become simple without going through the lengthy process as it is in the case of the existing method. It is shown that the proposed method has the same results as the existing method which is experimentally validated. This is evidence to support the new method which may have potential to be applied by photovoltaic module cooling techniques designers.
关键词： Photovoltaic power ratio,Comparison,Cooling techniques,Photovoltaic module,Evaluation,Photovoltaic e?ciency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Wheel Alignment of a Suspension Module Unit Using a Laser Module
摘要： Vehicle wheel alignment inspection is generally carried out using a computer vision-based system. Due to its inspection mechanism using four wheel centers, the computer vision-based system cannot be applied to the wheel alignment inspection of suspension module units. However, when a vehicle suspension module is being developed, there is no complete car ready for wheel alignment inspection even though it is a very important procedure for suspension property tests. This study proposes a novel and e?cient way to inspect vehicle wheel alignment for suspension modules. Two laser modules and several mechanical jigs were employed for wheel alignment inspection, allowing the toe and camber angles of the suspension module to be measured. For accurate wheel alignment results, calibration of the laser modules was performed prior to the inspection. This calibration procedure adjusts the yaw and pitch angles of the laser module so that they can be orthogonal to the mounting jig. For the calibration, a novel method of using laser straightness was adopted and, consequently, 0.02 degrees of orthogonality was achieved. The wheel alignment inspection results were determined then veri?ed using a vision system with two cameras. In order to use this vision system, two cameras were used and a new method of modifying the measurement mechanism was developed. According to the veri?cation results, the proposed wheel alignment inspection provided very high measurement accuracy. The wheel alignment inspection mechanism proposed in this study can not only give very reliable results but also provide a cost-e?cient method of inspecting the wheel alignment of suspension modules to automakers.
关键词： Laser module,Vision system for wheel alignment inspection,Wheel alignment inspection
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Early-stage identification of encapsulants photobleaching and discoloration in crystalline silicon photovoltaic module laminates
摘要： Commercially different variants of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulants are available in the photovoltaic (PV) market. Photobleaching and discoloration are the two most commonly observed phenomena, and their initiation may be different for different encapsulants. To investigate the EVA encapsulant photobleaching and discoloration, solar cell laminates having different EVA films (UV-transparent [T], UV-cut [C], and combination of the two [TC]) were tested in Xenon test chamber. High temperatures are created in the laminates during the aging tests by using a thick insulation layer behind the backsheet. The UV fluorescence images and grayscale profile show clear signs of photobleaching and discoloration. It is found that the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the T sample is four and nine times slower than the TC and C samples, respectively, in the photobleached region. Fluorescence imaging and spectra and Raman spectra were taken before and after the accelerated test and indicate that discoloration causing fluorophores generation is higher after the photobleached region for transparent and combined EVAs, whereas higher at the center for UV-cut EVA laminates. A colorimeter was used to measure the Yellowness Index of the samples before and after the accelerated aging test. This work will help in the early detection of photobleaching and discoloration of any encapsulant used in the PV modules. This method will also help to study the behavior of encapsulants in different climatic conditions like hot, cold, dry, humid, and their combinations by simulating the same in an accelerated weathering chamber by using the different insulation thickness.
关键词： fluorophores,discoloration,photovoltaic module,photobleaching,ethylene-vinyl-acetate encapsulant
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Anti-LID Process with a Remote Direct Heating Method Using a Half-Bridge Resonance Circuit for a PERC Solar Cell Module
摘要： As the importance of the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increases in the solar cell industry, the demand for high-ef?ciency solar cells is rapidly increasing. Typically, p-type passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) solar cells are the most commonly used in the industry, and their ef?ciency is approximately 22–23%. P-type solar cells are reported to exhibit a light-induced degradation (LID) phenomenon, in which their output constantly decreases during power generation under solar radiation, and the output signi?cantly reduces as their reference ef?ciency increases. Ultra-high-ef?ciency solar cells, which are on high demand, have a considerable output reduction due to the LID phenomenon; hence, technologies to prevent the LID phenomenon are required. However, research on this phenomenon has not been conducted because there is no method to transfer heat to solar cells inside the encapsulant when the modules are produced. In this study, a regeneration state was formed by remotely heating solar cells without damaging the encapsulant of the solar cell module. This was accomplished by using a heating method based on an induction magnetic ?eld. A half-bridge resonance circuit was used to apply the induction magnetic ?eld, and the temperature of the solar cell was controlled by adjusting the magnitude of the current ?owing through the coil. To determine whether only the solar cell was heated, the temperature distribution inside the module was analyzed using an IR camera. The minority carrier lifetime was examined by real-time observation of the open-circuit voltage pattern of the solar cell. Finally, the observed real-time open-circuit voltage data were used, and dynamic simulation of the regeneration process was applied to analyze the LID activation energy generated in the regeneration process of the solar cell module. In conclusion, research was conducted on applying the regeneration state to prevent the LID phenomenon in the solar-cell-module stage, and the LID activation energy of the solar cell module was extracted. Based on this, a nondestructive degradation prevention technology for the solar cell module was developed.
关键词： solar module,half-bridge resonance circuit,light-induced degradation,solar cell,regeneration,remote heating
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Future Energy || Photovoltaics, Including New Technologies (Thin Film) and a Discussion on Module Efficiency
摘要： Most of the energy on Earth originates in the radiation that comes from the Sun on the Earth’s surface. At present, mankind uses primarily energy fossil fuels, the origin of which is associated with solar energy products in the pastdcoal, oil, and natural gas. Given the limitations of these sources and the negative effect of greenhouse gas generation on global warming, there is a general tendency to use solar energy to the maximum extent for heat and power generation. Photovoltaic systems that enable the direct conversion of solar energy to electricity are currently among the fastest growing energy segments. After 30 years of development, photovoltaics (PVs) has been recognized as a renewable energy technology that has the potential to contribute signi?cantly to future energy supply. Cumulative installed power yearly growths were on an average more than 40% in the period from 2000 to 2018, and in 2018, the global cumulative PV power installed has reached a level of 512 GWp. Annually installed power reached nearly 110 GWp in 2018, and it is expected to grow in future, while the cost of electrical energy produced by PV systems decreased close to the level of energy produced by conventional sources. This chapter provides important information on both the basics of PV cell and module physics, construction and technology, and other parts of PV systems as converters and auxiliary parts to set up a working system.
关键词： Photovoltaics,Renewable Energy,Solar Energy,Thin Film,Module Efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Modeling the Functioning of the Half-Cells Photovoltaic Module under Partial Shading in the Matlab Package
摘要： In this paper, the usefulness of photovoltaic modules built of half cells for partially obstructed photovoltaic (PV) installations was analyzed based on veri?ed simulation studies. The parameters of these modules are similar to the classic, but the internal structure is di?erent. Instead of 60 cells in a typical classic PV module, there are twice as many cells in modules with half cells. A simulation model was built in the Matlab/Simulink engineering calculations package, using the “Solar Cell” component, which is a double-diode PV cell replacement model. The simulation model re?ects the internal structure of the PV module from half cells so that the output current is divided into two equal parts inside, and the structure of the module is divided into six sections. Simulation tests were performed for the same parameters that were measured during actual measurements of the current–voltage characteristics of the partially shaded PV module. Veri?cation tests were carried out for the photovoltaic module—JAM60S03-320/PR—using the I–V 400 meter. Four di?erent cases of partial shading of the module were veri?ed and one for the case of no shading, but in conditions di?erent from the standard, given by the manufacturer.
关键词： current–voltage characteristics,partial shading,photovoltaics,photovoltaic module
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57