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Quick visualization of neurons in brain tissues using an optical clearing technique
摘要： Neurons are classified into several morphological types according to the locations of their somata and the branching patterns of their axons and dendrites. Recent studies suggest that these morphological features are related to their physiological properties, including firing characteristics, responses to neuromodulators, and wiring patterns. Therefore, rapid morphological identification of electrophysiologically recorded neurons promises to advance our understanding of neuronal circuits. One of the most common anatomical cell identification methods is neuronal reconstruction with biocytin delivered through whole-cell patch-clamp pipettes. However, conventional reconstruction methods usually take longer than 24 h and limit the throughput of electrophysiological experiments. Here, we developed a quick, simple cell reconstruction method by optimizing the tissue clearing protocol ScaleSQ. We found that adding 200 mM NaCl almost entirely prevented tissue swelling without compromising optical clearing ability. This solution, termed IsoScaleSQ, allowed us to increase the transparency of the gray matter of 500-μm-thick slices within 30 min, meaning that the total time required to reconstruct whole-cell recorded neurons was reduced to 1 h. This novel method will improve the efficacy and effectiveness of electrophysiological experiments linked to cell morphology.
关键词： Optical clearing,Isotropic,Visualization,Patch-clamp recording,ScaleSQ
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Variation in Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of Selenium Nanowires After Irradiation with Ni6+ Ions
摘要： The effect of Ni ion irradiation on selenium nanowires of 80 nm diameter is studied in the present work. Se nanowires were prepared by using electrodeposition technique in polycarbonate membrane. Changes in the structural, optical and electrical properties are studied using XRD, UV/Vis spectroscopy and current–voltage characteristics, of the pristine and irradiated samples. X-ray diffraction study confirms the variation in peak intensity without any shifting in peak position. Variation in texture coefficient and grain size was clearly observed which is a consequence of changing plane orientation, irradiation induced grain growth and grain fragmentation. A decrease in the optical band gap takes place due to interstitial energy band states in the vicinity of conduction and valence band. IVC also shows variation in the conductivity which is due to the generation of current carriers with the passage of energetic ions.
关键词： Ion irradiation,Optical analysis,Selenium nanowires,Impedance,Electrical properties,Structural analysis
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Advancement of CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier for Optical Receiver
摘要： Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is an essential component of optical receivers, and this type of amplifier converts the photocurrent to a voltage signal. The overall performance of the optical receiver greatly depends on the performance of this component. Low-power, low-noise, and compact TIA has been realized in current development in CMOS technology. The high demands of an optical receiver has led to the optimization and development of the TIA designed specifications. However, the conventional CMOS TIA design is limited mainly because of its dependency on input node capacitance. In this article, the advancement of TIAs in data communication and instrumentation based on different design architectures and performances is discussed. This review will serve as a comparative study and reference for designing fully integrated CMOS TIA for future optical receivers.
关键词： TIA,Gain,CMOS,Sensor,Optical receiver
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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OPD analysis and prediction in aero-optics based on dictionary learning
摘要： When aircraft ?ying at a high speed, the density and re?ective index of atmosphere around it become uneven. Thus images or videos observed from the observation window on the aircraft are usually blur or quivering, which is called the aero-optical effect. To recover the images from poor quality, it is necessary to learn about the wavefront distortion of the light, described as optical path difference (OPD). Among the existing methods, the method of computational ?uid dynamics (CFD) simulation followed by ray tracing is very time consuming, and the method of real-time OPD measurement with OPD sensor has a certain lag for OPD with high frequency. In this paper, a reconstructible dimension reduction method based on dictionary learning is employed to map the high-dimensional OPD data into a low-dimensional space, and the OPD data are calculated when rays travel across the supersonic shear layer. All the parameters of training and test datasets remain the same except the convective Mach numbers (Mc number). According to the dimension reduction results of training sets, we ?nd that OPD is obviously periodic and its distribution characteristics have a strong correlation with Mc number. By ?tting the OPD data in the low-dimensional space, every point on the ?tting curve can be reconstructed to the original high-dimensional space, which works as prediction. Compared with the truthful data, the average similarity coef?cient of the prediction for the test datasets is up to 83%, which means that the prediction result is credible.
关键词： Prediction,Aero-optics,Couple dictionary learning,Optical path difference
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Study on the enhancement of photocatalytic environment purification through ubiquitous-red-clay loading
摘要： Tungsten oxide (WO3) is regarded as a promising visible-light-sensitive photocatalyst, but its activity is not high. Further enhancement of its activity has been anticipated using techniques such as loading of a cocatalyst to apply the oxide to indoor environmental remediation; Pt has been reported as a good cocatalyst for WO3 photocatalysis. However, Pt is precious and expensive metal. Thus, in this study, we sought to find a ubiquitous cocatalyst and suitable photocatalyst system. As a result, this study revealed that loading a ubiquitous material of red-clay enhanced WO3 photocatalytic activity remarkably. As photocatalyst samples, mixtures consisting of the clay and WO3 with different weight ratios were prepared using a simple kneading method. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated from decomposition of harmful organic contaminant, 2-propanol into CO2 under visible-light irradiation. The WO3 with 10% of the clay loading showed the highest activity among the samples and much higher activity than pure WO3. This higher activity might derive from the clay’s promotion of H2O2 decomposition and charge separation (holes and electrons). The H2O2 was generated from photocatalytic O2 reduction. This formation and accumulation on the pure WO3 surface led to decreased activity.
关键词： TiO2,Zeolite,Natural mineral,Optical absorption,Remediation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of fluid and gel phase Lipid Bilayers in hydrated conditions
摘要： The biological membranes play a crucial role in the various biological processes due to their characteristic physical properties. The parameters such as membrane composition, thickness undulations, and the influence of external stimuli play a crucial role in the phase state behavior of biological membranes. The supported lipid bilayer (SLBs) systems closely represent cell membranes and are often studied to understand their behavior. In the current study, we have implemented spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) technique to explore the optical properties of various single component lipid bilayers having different phase state (fluid and gel) under hydrated or native conditions. The measurement of ellipsometric angles ψ and Δ were obtained from SE and were utilized to realize an explicit phase state dependence. Further, we obtained the thickness (t) and refractive index (n) by modeling of these SE results. These results were found to be inter-related to the phase state and lateral organization. The bilayer thickness is further verified against values obtained from coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The proposed method was tested on various lipid bilayers under their native phase state at room temperature and was found to have a correlation with AFM measurements.
关键词： fluid phase,Optical properties,gel phase,Spectroscopic Ellipsometry,Lipid membranes,Phase state
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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In-flame soot quantification of diesel sprays under sooting/non-sooting critical conditions in an optical engine
摘要： Because of the challenge of meeting stringent emissions regulations for internal combustion engines, some advanced low temperature combustion modes have been raised in recent decades to improve combustion efficiency. Therefore, detailed understanding and capability for accurate prediction of in-flame soot processes under such low sooting conditions are becoming necessary. Nowadays, a lot of investigations have been carried out to quantify in-flame soot in Diesel sprays under high sooting conditions by means of different optical techniques. However, no information of soot quantification can be found for sooting/non-sooting critical conditions. In current study, the instantaneous soot production in a two-stroke optical engine under low sooting conditions has been measured by means of a Diffused back-illumination extinction technique (DBI) and two-color method (2C) simultaneously. The fuels used were n-dodecane and n-heptane, which have been injected separately though two different injectors equipped with single-hole nozzles. A large cycle-to-cycle variation on soot production can be observed under such operating conditions, however the in-cylinder heat release traces were quite repeatable. It is the same with the well-known trends of soot amount to operating conditions that the probability of sooting cycles increases with higher ambient temperature, higher ambient density and lower injection pressure. Both techniques present a pretty good agreement on soot amount when the peak of KL value is close to 1. However, the KL value of two-color method becomes bigger than that of DBI and the difference increases with lower sooting conditions.
关键词： 2C,Soot critical conditions,DBI,Diesel sprays,Optical engine
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Automated quantification of immunomagnetic beads and leukemia cells from optical microscope images
摘要： Quanti?cation of tumor cells is crucial for early detection and monitoring the progress of cancer. Several methods have been developed for detecting tumor cells. However, automated quanti?cation of cells in the presence of immunomagnetic beads has not been studied. In this study, we developed computer vision based algorithms to quantify the leukemia cells captured and separated by micron size immunomagnetic beads. Color, size based object identi?cation and machine learning based methods were implemented to quantify targets in the images recorded by a bright ?eld microscope. Images acquired by a 40× or a 20× objective were analyzed, the immunomagnetic beads were detected with an error rate of 0.0171 and 0.0384 respectively. Our results reveal that the proposed method attains 91.6% precision for the 40× objective and 79.7% for the 20× objective. This algorithm has the potential to be the signal readout mechanism of a biochip for cell detection.
关键词： Leukemia cells,Immunomagnetic beads,Support vector machines,Bright-?eld optical microscopy,Image-processing,Machine learning
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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First principles study of electronic structures of Cd0.9375Co0.0625X (X?=?S, Se, Te) for magnetic, optical and thermoelectric device applications
摘要： The present article investigates the structural and electronic properties of Co doped (xCo = 6.25%) CdS/Se/Te diluted magnetic semiconductors to understand the optical and thermoelectric characteristics. The electronic properties, computed by applying generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and then modified Becke Johnson (mBJ) functional, are contrasted to identify the appropriate electronic parameters. The stable ferromagnetic states have been justified to arise due to the p-d hybridization that has been found responsible in inducing magnetic moments at the interstitial and at the non-magnetic sites. The computed direct band gap and the exchange constants (N0α and N0β) have suggested, respectively, the potential optical and spintronic device applications. The studied compounds operate within visible-ultraviolet energy range. The thermoelectric response improves with temperature, while deteriorated due to Co doping. The studied compounds exhibiting various significant physical properties evidence the potential consumption in various technologically important spintronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices.
关键词： Optical properties,Ferromagnetism,Diluted magnetic semiconductors,Thermoelectric properties,mBJ potential
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Choroidal thickness in healthy eyes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and comparison with cases of retinitis pigmentosa
摘要： Introduction. — The goal of this study was to measure by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with EDI the choroidal thickness in healthy subjects and to compare these parameters with those of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods. — Data were obtained from 60 healthy patients without history or family history of retinal or choroidal disease or glaucoma. A case-control study was also conducted on 40 eyes of 20 patients with RP and 40 eyes of 20 healthy refraction- and age-matched controls, selected from among the 60 healthy patients. OCT was used with the EDI protocol. The primary outcome measure was choroidal thickness. Results. — Among healthy patients, the overall choroidal thickness was 287.7 μm. Mean choroidal thickness was lower on the nasal side (236.6 μm from the fovea) compared with the temporal side (262.3 μm, P = 0.002). It also varied according to age, being highest among 20—29-year-old patients and decreasing thereafter with increasing age. Choroidal thickness was significantly higher in healthy patients than in RP patients, regardless of the location (P < 0.001). Conclusion. — This observational study confirms that choroidal thickness varies with age and location. It decreases in subjects with RP and is related to worsening of retinal damage, independently of age-related thinning. Further studies are needed to understand whether choroidal vascular alteration is a cause or a consequence of the degenerative pathology.
关键词： Photoreceptor degeneration,Choroidal thickness,Case-control study,Retinitis pigmentosa,Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52