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Critical Review—Recent Progress in NIR Fluorophores Emitting over 1000 nm for Bioimaging
摘要： During the last five years, significant advances have been made in the synthesis of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores emitting over 1000 nm for non-invasive deep-tissue imaging. Nano-materials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), following Ag2S and PbS quantum dots (QDs) have been employed as the first-generation NIR fluorescent probes, by which superior capabilities of NIR fluorescence imaging at the wavelengths of 1000–1400 nm (second NIR window) have been demonstrated. Recently, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, organic-dye based NIR fluorophores emitting beyond 1000 nm have been synthesized. In this short review, we focus on recent advances in nanomaterial and organic-dye based NIR fluorophores for intravital deep bioimaging in the second NIR window.
关键词： bioimaging,organic dyes,second NIR window,nanomaterials,NIR fluorophores
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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High-quality quantum dots for multiplexed bioimaging: A critical review
摘要： Bioimaging carried out using two or more fluorophores possessing different emission wavelength can be termed as a multicolor/multiplexed bioimaging technique. Traditionally, images are captured sequentially using multiple fluorophores having specific excitation and emission. For this purpose, multifunctional nanoprobes, such as organic fluorophores, metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon dots (CDs) are used. Among these fluorophores, quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as an ideal probe for multiplexed bioimaging due to their unique property of size tunable emission. However, the usage of quantum dots in bioimaging is limited due to their toxicity. Furthermore, the reproducibility of optical properties is cynical. These desirable properties, along with enhancement in quantum efficiency, photostability, fluorescence lifetime, etc. can be achieved using precision control over synthesis parameters. This review summarizes the desirable properties and synthesis methods of such superior QDs followed by their application in multiplexed imaging.
关键词： Multiplexed Imaging,Quantum dots,Microreactor,Bioimaging,Organic Dyes
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Long lifetime g-C3N4 photocatalyst coupled with phosphorescent material working under dark condition
摘要： Existing photocatalysts suffer from decreased photocatalytic efficiency when illuminated at wavelengths beyond the UV region or in the absence of irradiation. To overcome this disadvantage, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), which is responsive to visible light, was coupled with a phosphorescent material (SEAD) that emits green light after irradiation is discontinued. The excited electron and holes in the as-made SEAD/g-C3N4 undergo slow recombination; thus, the material exhibited better performance than g-C3N4 based on photocurrent measurement. We demonstrated the performance of the samples via photodegradation experiments using three organic dyes; methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB). The results show that g-C3N4 coupled with the phosphorescent material exhibited better efficiency for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes than g-C3N4 alone under dark condition as well as light irradiation. In addition, the decomposition of the dyes continued even after irradiation was discontinued, due to phosphorescence.
关键词： graphitic carbon nitride,Photocatalyst,recombination,degradation of organic dyes,phosphorescent material
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Rational Design of Phenothiazine-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: The Influence of ??-Spacers and Intermolecular Aggregation on Their Photovoltaic Performances
摘要： Power conversion efficiency (PCE) is one of the important factors in influencing the overall performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and precise prediction of PCE is a feasible strategy for preparing highly-efficient DSSCs devices. In this work, we designed a series of phenothiazine-based organic dyes by introducing different π-spacers including the 4-isopropyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) and 2,7-dihydronaphtho[1,2-d:5,6-d']diimidazole (NDI) to tune their photovoltaic properties. The present studies reveal that the PCE value of the DTP-based dye is estimated to 8.55%, in excellent agreement with the experimentally available value (8.19%) observed in the reported analogue. In comparison to DTP, the strong electron-deficiency NDI group induces a remarkable red-shifting of maximum absorption band, broadening the optical absorption into the near-infrared region. As a consequence, the NDI-based dye achieves an impressive PCE value of 15.51%, which is expected to be a potential organic dye applied in DSSCs.
关键词： Intermolecular aggregation,Phenothiazine-based organic dyes,π-spacers,Photovoltaic performances,Dye-sensitized solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A Computational Protocol for Precise Prediction of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance
摘要： Numerous organic dyes have been developed for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, theoretical screening has not played the due role in designing new dyes. It is mainly attributed that there is rarely quantitative calculation and the inaccurate estimated values for short-circuit current density (JSC) and open-circuit photovoltage (VOC), especially for VOC. In this work, VOC is theoretically predicted by two different models for three D-π-A organic dyes (1, 2, and 3) with the same π bridge and acceptor as well as different donors. Although there is slight deviation for their structures, their properties are successfully differentiated by accurate quantitative calculations. Dimethoxybenzene substituted indoline is more suitable to be donor than methoxy substituted triphenylamine and methyl substituted indoline when it combines with 8H-thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrrole (TTP) as π bridge and cyanoacrylic acid as acceptor. The properties of donor not only are related with the core group but also are determined by the substituted group. Less than 10% deviation between theoretical and experimental results is an insurance to perform the reasonable prediction for photocurrent-photovoltage.
关键词： Short-circuit current density,Organic dyes,Computational protocol,Open-circuit photovoltage,Theoretical screening,Dye-sensitized solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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An electron donating controlling strategy for design several dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole based dyes with D–D–A structure in dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： One of the important strategies for designing pure organic dyes is to improve the electron donating abilities of dye donors hence increase the intramolecular potential energy difference. In order to quantify the electron-donating capacity of organic units, we firstly propose a parameter donation ability (DA) value for evaluating the electron DA of organic units via theoretical calculation, by using of several fragments such as coplanar dithiophenyl pyrrole, triphenylamine (TPA), phenothiazine (PTZ) and cyanoacetic acid (CA) which is the research objects here. Inspired by the DA values of the above organic fragments, dye PSD-9, PSA-10 and PST-11 were designed and synthesized. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements show that the DA values of dye PSA-10 and PST-11’s donor increases when TPA and PTZ groups are introduced into PSD-9, hence HOMO level increases and the band-gap narrow down. This change is reflected in the absorption spectra: the maximum absorption wavelength of PSA-10 and PST-11 is 63 and 84 nm red-shifted compared with PSD-9. Similarly, the molar extinction coefficients of PSA-10 and PST-11 are increased by 34.7 × 103 and 14.7 × 103 M?1 cm?1, respectively. Combining a mesoporous titania film grafted by these dithiophenyl pyrrole dye with iodine electrolyte, an 4.2% and 4.8% power conversion effciency (PCE) is achieved for PSA-10 and PST-11 at an irradiance of the AM1.5G sunlight, with an significant increasing compared to PSD-9 with an PCE of 1.6%. The typical photocurrent density–voltage (J–V) test shows that the short circuit current of dye PSA-10 and PST-11 is much higher than that of PSD-9, which is the main reason for the improvement of PCE. The red-shift and stronger IPCE curve is the most advantageous evidence of the change of short circuit current. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance measurements is studied for exploring the changes of open-circuit voltage of PSA-10 and PST-11, the results infer that larger donor units and long alkyl chains can effectively increasing current density on photoanode, hence increase the open circuit voltage of the devices.
关键词： electron donating ability,dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole,dye-sensitized solar cells,organic dyes,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Ultrasound‐assisted nanoscaled supramolecular coordination polymer as an efficient recyclable catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants
摘要： An ultrasound‐assisted nanoscaled supramolecular coordination polymer (nanosized 1′) has been synthesized using a self‐assembly reaction of K3[Cu(CN)4] and hexamethylenetetramine in the presence of Me3SnCl under ambient conditions. Nanosized1′ was examined using elemental analysis, Fourier transform–infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray powder diffractions. It was structurally compared with the single crystal 3[Cu6(CN)7(C6H12N4)2(OH3)]; SCP 1. The photocatalytic activities of nanosized 1′ and SCP 1 toward different hazardous organic dyes were determined under ambient, UV‐light irradiation and ultrasonic conditions. SCP 1 and nanosized 1′ as heterogeneous nanoparticles catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity for degradation of Congo Red, Methyl Violet 2B and Methylene Blue dyes. The effects of operational parameters on catalytic degradation process, identification of the degradation products and recycling of the catalyst were also investigated. SCP 1 and nanosized 1′ are recyclable heterogeneous catalysts and can be reused with efficient activities. The mechanism of degradation using different scavenger techniques is proposed and discussed. The catalytic oxidation process is mainly caused by ?OH radicals.
关键词： photocatalytic degradation,nanoscaled supramolecular coordination polymer,hazardous organic dyes
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Molecular design of novel indacenodithiophene‐based organic dyes for efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells applications
摘要： Indacenodithiophene (IDT)-based high-efficiency photovoltaics have received increasing attention recently. This paper reports a density functional theory investigation of the electronic and optical properties of three IDT-based organic dyes together with the dye/(TiO2)46 interface. In order to enhance the photoelectric properties of IDT dyes, this paper considers two methods for the structure modification of the experimentally reported dye DPInDT (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 8977): the extension of the conjugation length by dithienothiophene as well as the heteroatom substitution of the bridging atoms by electron-rich nitrogen atoms. Our calculations show that both methods obviously affect the distributions of the molecular orbitals and notably red shift the absorption peaks of around 20 nm, with the former method demonstrating enhanced light harvesting efficiency. The structure modifications proposed also enhance the emission spectrum properties for IDT-based organic dyes. The calculated ultrafast injection time of electrons from the excited state of IDT dyes to the (TiO2)46 belongs to the femtosecond order of magnitude, and is ideal for efficient photoelectric conversion process in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications. The IDT dyes designed in this paper have good electronic and spectroscopic properties. This study is expected to provide useful guidance for the development of novel IDT dyes for applications in DSSCs.
关键词： organic dyes,DFT simulations,indacenodithiophene,molecular design
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Poly(ε-caprolactone) modified organic dyes nanoparticles for noninvasive long term fluorescence imaging
摘要： Application of organic dyes is limited in biomedical fields due to the rapid self-quenching, poor stability and water solubility. In this work, polymer modified organic dyes is developed through the dyes initiating polymerization. The polymer length is studied by tuning the amount of monomer. With an optimal molecule weight of the polymer, the π–π stacking from π-conjugated organic fluorescent dyes and fluorescence quenching are inhibited, resulting in an enhancement of fluorescence intensity and photostability. Nanoparticles are further fabricated to be used for cell uptake based on the optimized organic dyes. Then, long term cellular fluorescence imaging is realized. This work highlights the potential of polymer modification to improve the performance of organic dyes and expand their applications.
关键词： Organic dyes,Fluorescence,Polymer modification,Noninvasive long term imaging
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Near-Infrared Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence from a Remarkably Simple Boron Difluoride Formazanate Dye
摘要： Electrochemiluminescence involves the generation of light via electrochemical reactions and has recently shown utility for single-cell imaging. To further develop this novel imaging platform, it is necessary to produce readily available dyes that photoluminesce and electrochemiluminesce in the near-infrared region to limit absorption by biological tissue. To address this need, we prepared a boron difluoride formazanate dye that exhibits near-infrared photoluminescence in two straightforward synthetic steps. Examination of its solid-state structure suggests that the N-aryl substituents have significant quinoidal character, which narrows the S1-S0 energy gap and leads to near-infrared absorption and photoluminescence. Electrochemical properties were probed using cyclic voltammetry and revealed four electrochemically reversible waves. Electrochemiluminescence properties were examined in the presence of tri-n-propylamine, leading to maximum intensity at 910 nm, at least 85 nm (1132 cm?1) red-shifted compared to all other organic dyes. This work sets the stage for the development of future generations of dyes for emerging applications, including single-cell imaging, that require near-infrared photoluminescence and electrochemiluminescence.
关键词： NIR electrochemiluminescence,Electrochemistry,Formazanate ligands,Organic dyes,NIR photoluminescence
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36