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New, highly versatile bimolecular photoinitiating systems for free-radical, cationic and thiola??ene photopolymerization processes under low light intensity UV and visible LEDs for 3D printing application
摘要： 1-Amino-4-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonitrile derivatives are proposed for the role of photosensitizers of iodonium salt during the photopolymerization processes upon near UV-A and visible ranges. Remarkably, 1-amino-4-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonitrile derivatives are highly versatile allowing access to photoinitiating systems for (i) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxide monomers with a ring opening mechanism and vinyl ether monomers with chain growth mechanisms (ii) the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate monomers, (iii) the photopolymerization of interpenetrated polymer networks (IPNs) based on epoxide and acrylate monomers under air and under laminate in an oxygen-free atmosphere (iv) the thiol–ene photopolymerization processes. Excellent polymerization pro?les are obtained during all types of photopolymerization processes. The initiation mechanisms are analyzed through steady state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry and ?uorescence experiments. Moreover, the newly developed bimolecular photoinitiating systems were investigated by applying an additive manufacturing process under visible light sources. Furthermore, vat photopolymerization processes using IPN compositions, which are polymerizable by using new photoinitiating systems, provide high resolution and speeds. For these reasons, new bimolecular photoinitiating systems are promising initiators for photopolymerization-based 3D printing process to fabricate 3D structures.
关键词： visible LEDs,photopolymerization,photoinitiating systems,3D printing,UV-LED
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Disubstituted Aminoanthraquinone-Based Photoinitiators for Free Radical Polymerization and Fast 3D Printing under Visible Light
摘要： The development of highly efficient and rapid photoinitiating systems for free radical photopolymerization under the irradiation of visible light has attracted increasing attention due to their widespread potential applications in, for example, 3D printing or dental polymers. Unfortunately, currently available visible-light-sensitive photoinitiators are not efficient enough for 3D printing applications suffering from low printing speeds. Here we describe a series of photoinitiating systems consisting of disubstituted amino-anthraquinone derivatives (i.e., 1-amino-4-hydroxy-anthraquinone, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone, and 1,5-diamino-anthraquinone) and various additives (e.g., tertiary amine and phenacyl bromide) toward the free radical photopolymerization of various acrylate monomers (such as commercial 3D resin) under the irradiation of blue to red LEDs. It is shown that the type and position of substituents of the aminoanthraquinone derivative can significantly affect its photoinitiation properties. The most efficient disubstituted aminoanthraquinone derivative-based photoinitiating system was selected and used for the 3D printing of a commercial 3D resin in a 3D printer with polychromatic visible light as the irradiation source. It is shown that its printing speed was dramatically enhanced compared to a commercial photoinitiator 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide (TPO).
关键词： aminoanthraquinone derivatives,free radical photopolymerization,photoinitiating systems,visible light,3D printing
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46