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Screening of two-photon activated photodynamic therapy sensitizers using a 3D osteosarcoma model
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves a photosensitizing agent activated with light to induce cell death. Two-photon excited PDT (TPE-PDT) offers numerous benefits compared to traditional one-photon induced PDT, including an increased penetration depth and precision. However, the in vitro profiling and comparison of two-photon photosensitizers (PS) are still troublesome. Herein, we report the development of an in vitro screening platform of TPE-PS using a 3D osteosarcoma cell culture. The platform was tested using three different two-photon (2P) active compounds – a 2P sensitizer P2CK, a fluorescent dye Eosin Y, and a porphyrin derivative (TPP). Their 2P absorption cross-sections (σ2PA) were characterised using a fully automated z-scan setup. TPP exhibited a remarkably high σ2PA at 720 nm (8865 GM) and P2CK presented a high absorption at 850 nm (405 GM), while Eosin Y had the lowest 2P absorption at the studied wavelengths (<100 GM). The cellular uptake of PS visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that both TPP and P2CK were internalized by the cells, while Eosin Y stayed mainly in the surrounding media. The efficiency of the former two TPE-PS was quantified using the PrestoBlue metabolic assay, showing a significant reduction in cell viability after two-photon irradiation. The possibility of damage localization was demonstrated using a co-culture of adipose derived stem cells together with osteosarcoma spheroids showing no signs of damage to the surrounding healthy cells after TPE-PDT.
关键词： two-photon excited photodynamic therapy,PrestoBlue assay,photosensitizers,cellular uptake,localized damage,z-scan,3D osteosarcoma model
更新于2025-11-21 11:08:12
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Synthesis of Ruthenium Tris-Diimine Photosensitizers Substituted by Four Methylphosphonate Anchoring Groups for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cell Applications
摘要： The design and synthesis of ruthenium tris-diimine photosensitizers appropriately functionalized to be (i) anchored onto transparent conductive oxides (TCO) and (ii) covalently coupled with a water-splitting catalyst represents an important target for solar fuel production in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DS-PECs). In this study, two different synthetic routes to prepare heteroleptic [Ru(4,4′-(CH2PO3Et2)2-bpy)2(N^N)](PF6)2 complexes are evaluated, the scope and limitations of the organometallic pathway involving half-sandwich η6-arene ruthenium complexes as synthetic intermediates being especially studied. The spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of a series of novel structures varying by the nature of the third diimine N^N ligand is reported.
关键词： Photoelectrochemistry,Photosensitizers,Anchoring groups,Ruthenium
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:35
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Albumin-functionalized CuFeS2/photosensitizer nanohybrid for single-laser-induced folate receptor-targeted photothermal and photodynamic therapy
摘要： Multimodal therapy is an emerging medical intervention to overcome the current limitation in cancer therapy combining treatment modalities with different mechanisms of action to eradicate tumors. This study demonstrates a targeted multifunctional bovine serum albumin (BSA)-functionalized CuFeS2/chlorin e6 (Ce6) for synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects. The CuFeS2 nanocrystals were synthesized through a simple heating-up approach and transferred into an aqueous phase using BSA in an ultrasonic-assisted microemulsion method. The as-prepared CuFeS2@BSA nanoparticles further conjugated with folic acid (FA) followed by attachment of Ce6 to form the Ce6:CuFeS2@BSA-FA nanohybrid with improved solubility and strong near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and fluorescence. It is the first report to fabricate the targeted Ce6:CuFeS2@BSA-FA hybrid and evaluates their synergistic PTT/PDT effect using a single laser. The Ce6:CuFeS2@BSA-FA hybrid showed lower toxicity in vitro (HeLa and HepG2 cells) and in vivo (zebrafish embryos), while they are selectively recognized and internalized by HeLa cells that over-express folate receptors. Compared to each modality applied separately, the combined single-laser-induced PTT and PDT treatment showed the enhanced generation of heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with synergistic cancer killing under 671 nm laser irradiation (10 min, 1 W/cm2). As a biocompatible targeted nanoprobe, the multifunctional nanohybrid holds promise in combined PDT/PTT synergistic therapy to achieve better efficacy.
关键词： Photodynamic therapy,Single laser,Photosensitizers,Photothermal therapy,CuFeS2
更新于2025-11-14 17:04:02
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Effect of the Photodynamic Therapy Applications with Potent Microalgae Constituents on Several Types of Tumor
摘要： Background: In recent years, microalgae (MA) have attracted much interest considering their possible therapeutic application. They contain active natural compounds or derivatives (extracts, pure or chemically modified compounds) that have increasing applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Methods: The present study aims to examine microalgae for new photosensitizers, with a potential to be used in the light-associated treatment of tumors. Semi-purified extracts of several microalgae strains were evaluated as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Four tumor cell lines (A549, LNCap, MCF-7, and MDA-MB 435) were used to assess 34 samples extracted by three methods: cellulase enzyme, lysozyme enzyme and ultra-sonication. The fluorescence measurements and the recorded images alongside the spectral intensities between 650–800 nm wavelengths provided characteristic features to some of the contents of the examined extracts. Results: Several microalgae constituents activated by blue light (BL), red light (RL) or both (in sequence) exhibited significant effects on the viability of the tumor cell lines, decreasing it as much as 95% for certain MA constituents. Majority of the MA constituents showed a higher phototoxicity after exposure to both blue and red lights than the photo-induced toxicity when exposed to a single light source. The viability of the tumor cells exhibited the dose dependent response with the MA constituents. Conclusion: The results clearly showed that MA constituents are potential photosensitizers that have a significant photo-damage effects on the tested cancer cells.
关键词： Anticancer agent,Microalgae,Enzymatic extraction,Photodynamic therapy,Photosensitizers
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Atomically Precise Bimetallic Nanoclusters as Photosensitizers in Photoelectrochemical Cells
摘要： The atomically precise bimetallic nanocluster, Au24Ag20(PhCC)20(SPy)4Cl2 (1), is for the first time employed as a stable photosensitizer for photoelectrochemical applications. The sensitization of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNA) with 1 greatly enhances the light harvest ability of the composite, as 1 shows high molar-extinction-coefficient in the UV-Vis region. Compared to a more standard Au25(SG)18 -TNA (2-TNA, SG: Glutathione), 1-TNA shows a much better stability under illumination both in neutral and basic conditions. The precise composition of the photosensitizers enables a direct comparison of the sensitization ability between 1 and 2. With the same cluster loading, the photocurrent produced by 1-TNA is 15 times larger than 2-TNA. The superior performance of 1-TNA over 2-TNA is attributed not only to the higher light absorption ability of 1, but also to the higher charge-separation efficiency. Besides, a ligand effect on the stability of the photoelectrode and charge-transfer between the NCs and the semiconductor is revealed. Our work paves the way to study the role of metal nanoclusters as photosensitizers at the atomic level, which is essential for the design of better material for light energy conversion.
关键词： Energy Conversion,Bimetallic Nanoclusters,Photosensitizers,Nanostructured Materials,Photoelectrochemical Cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Selectivity in Photodynamic Action: Higher Activity of Mitochondria Targeting Photosensitizers in Cancer Cells
摘要： Among the pathways for improving the practice of photodynamic therapy of cancer, increasing the selectivity of photodynamic action is an obvious choice. Considering the different characteristics of mitochondria in normal cells and cancer cells, we designed mitochondria targeting photosensitizers. We now demonstrate that mitochondria targeted photosensitizers by TPP-derivatization, are more selective for cancer cells compared to normal cells, presumably due to larger membrane potential of cancer cell mitochondria allowing more efficient accumulation of the photosensitizer.
关键词： organelle targeting,photodynamic action,singlet oxygen,photosensitizers,photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Photoimmunoconjugates: novel synthetic strategies to target and treat cancer by photodynamic therapy
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitizer (PS) with the physical energy of non-ionizing light to trigger cell death pathways. PDT has potential as a therapeutic modality to be used in alternative or in combination with other conventional cancer treatment protocols (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Still, due to the lack of specificity of the current PSs to target the tumor cells, several studies have exploited their conjugation with targeting moieties. PSs conjugated with antibodies (Abs) or their fragments, able to bind antigens overexpressed in the tumors, have demonstrated potential in PDT of tumors. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances on photoimmunoconjugates (PICs) for cancer PDT, which involve the first and second-generation PSs conjugated to Abs. This is an update of our previous review “Antibodies armed with photosensitizers: from chemical synthesis to photobiological applications”, published in 2015 in Org. Biomol. Chem.
关键词： Photoimmunoconjugates,Antibody conjugation,Photosensitizers,Cancer treatment,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Lipid-wrapped Upconversion Nanoconstruct /Photosensitizer Complex for Near-Infrared Light-mediated Photodynamic Therapy
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive medical technology that has been applied in cancer treatment where it is accessible by direct or endoscope-assisted light irradiation. To lower phototoxicity and increase tissue penetration depth of light, great effort has been focused on developing new sensitizers that can utilize red or near-infrared (NIR) light for the past decades. Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have a unique property to transduce NIR excitation light to UV-Vis emission efficiently. This property allows some low-cost, low-toxicity, visible light commercially available sensitizers, which originally is not suitable for deep tissue PDT, to be activated by NIR light, and has been reported extensively in the past few year. However, some issues still remain in UCNP-assisted PDT platform such as colloidal stability, photosensitizer loading efficiency, and accessibility for targeting ligand installation, despite some advances in this direction. In this study, we designed a facile phospholipids-coated UCNP method to generate a high-colloidally stable nanoplatform that can effectively load a series of visible light sensitizers in the lipid layers. The loading stability and singlet oxygen generation efficiency of these sensitizers loaded lipid-coated UCNP platform were investigated. We also have demonstrated the enhanced cellular uptake efficiency and tumor cell selectivity of this lipid-coated UCNP platform by changing the lipid dopant. On the basis of the evidence of our results, the lipid-complexed UCNP nanoparticles could serve as an effective photosensitizers carrier for NIR light mediated PDT.
关键词： phospholipids,upconversion,photosensitizers,photodynamic therapy,bioimaging
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Exploring the potential of iron to replace ruthenium in photosensitizers: a computational study
摘要： In an effort to replace the widely used ruthenium metal complexes with low-cost, earth abundant iron complexes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications, herein we report the computational design of heteroleptic iron complexes (FC1–3) coordinated with benzimidazole-phenylcarbene (C^N) ligands. DFT and TDDFT calculations predicted the stronger σ-donating and π-accepting nature of phenyl carbene ligands substituted with electron-withdrawing CF3, donating –N(CH3)2, and benzothiazine annulation than the imidazole carbene ligands (FC4); consequently, the metal-ligand bond distances and interactions that influence the ordering of charge transfer states with respect to metal centered states are altered in FC1–3 complexes. Detailed analysis based on energy decomposition analysis, spin density distribution analysis, and ab initio ligand field theory parameters were enabled to understand the nature of heteroleptic ligand interactions with the rest of the metal complex. The results from the study shed light on the judicious choice of ligands, as the same non-innocent ligand that is experimentally proven as favorable for Ru-dyes (TC1) is found to be detrimental for Fe-dyes (FC1). Among the complexes studied, the FC3 complex is a promising sensitizer for DSSC with 1,3MLCT energy level well separated from 3,5MC, thereby preventing the deactivation of MLCT. The outcome of the study is therefore an important step toward the development of photosensitizers based on iron metal.
关键词： DSSC,Photosensitizers,Iron,Spin states,TD-DFT,Carbene ligands,Ruthenium
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Thiazolo[5,4- <i>d</i> ]thiazole-based organic sensitizers with improved spectral properties for application in greenhouse-integrated dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Organic photosensitizers especially designed for producing semitransparent dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for greenhouse integration were prepared by introduction of different heterocyclic moieties into the thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-molecular scaffold. The aim was that of improving their light absorption capability in the green part of the visible spectrum while maintaining a good transparency in the blue and red regions, where the photosynthetic response is maximized. A short and efficient synthetic approach, featuring two consecutive C-H activation reactions in a one-pot procedure as key steps, was used. Based on their spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization, two of dyes prepared appeared especially suitable for greenhouse-integrated photovoltaics. The corresponding semitransparent DSSCs yielded 5.6-6.1% power conversion efficiencies, which were largely superior to those provided by other organic dyes previously proposed for the same application.
关键词： organic photosensitizers,light absorption,photovoltaic efficiency,dye-sensitized solar cells,greenhouse integration,thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole,transparency
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01