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SCExAO/CHARIS Near-IR High-contrast Imaging and Integral Field Spectroscopy of the HIP 79977 Debris Disk
摘要： We present new, near-infrared (1.1–2.4 μm) high-contrast imaging of the bright debris disk surrounding HIP 79977 with the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics system (SCExAO) coupled with the CHARIS integral field spectrograph. SCExAO/CHARIS resolves the disk down to smaller angular separations of (0.11; r ～ 14 au) and at a higher significance than previously achieved at the same wavelengths. The disk exhibits a marginally significant east–west brightness asymmetry in H band that requires confirmation. Geometrical modeling suggests a nearly edge-on disk viewed at a position angle of ～114°.6 east of north. The disk is best-fit by scattered-light models assuming strongly forward-scattering grains (g ～ 0.5–0.65) confined to a torus with a peak density at r0 ～ 53–75 au. We find that a shallow outer density power law of αout = ?1 to ?3 and flare index of β = 1 are preferred. Other disk parameters (e.g., inner density power law and vertical scale height) are more poorly constrained. The disk has a slightly blue intrinsic color and its profile is broadly consistent with predictions from birth ring models applied to other debris disks. While HIP 79977?s disk appears to be more strongly forward-scattering than most resolved disks surrounding 5–30 Myr old stars, this difference may be due to observational biases favoring forward-scattering models for inclined disks versus lower inclination, ostensibly neutral-scattering disks like HR 4796A’s. Deeper, higher signal-to-noise SCExAO/CHARIS data can better constrain the disk’s dust composition.
关键词： stars: individual (HIP 79977),circumstellar matter,techniques: high angular resolution,planetary systems
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Mapping the thermal structure and minor species of Venus mesosphere with ALMA submillimeter observations
摘要： Context. Water vapor and sulfur compounds are key species in the photochemistry of Venus mesosphere. These species, together with mesospheric temperatures, exhibit drastic temporal variations, both on short timescales (diurnal and day-to-day) as well on long timescales, far from being understood. Aims. We targeted CO, SO, HDO and SO2 transitions in the submillimeter range using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) to study their spatial and temporal variations. Methods. Four sets of observations were acquired on different dates in November 2011 during the first ALMA Early Science observation Cycle 0. Venus angular diameter was about 11'' with an illumination factor of 92%, so that mostly the day side of the planet was mapped. Assuming a nominal CO abundance profile, we retrieved vertical temperature profiles over the entire disk as a function of latitude and local time. Temperature profiles were later used to retrieve SO, SO2, and H2O. We used HDO as a tracer for water assuming a D/H enrichment of 200 times the terrestrial value. Results. We derived 3D maps of mesospheric temperatures in the altitude range 70?105 km. SO, SO2, and H2O are characterized by a negligible abundance below ～85 km followed by an increase with altitude in the upper mesosphere. Disk-averaged SO abundances present a maximum mixing ratio of 15.0 ± 3.1 ppb on November 26 followed the next day by a minimum value of 9.9 ± 1.2 ppb. Due to a very low S/N, SO2 could only be derived from the disk-averaged spectrum on the first day of observation revealing an abundance of 16.5 ± 4.6 ppb. We found a SO2/SO ratio of 1.5 ± 0.4. Global maps of SO reveal strong variations both with latitude and local time and from day to day with abundance ranging from <1 to 15 ppb. H2O disk-averages retrievals reveal a steady decrease from November 14 to 27, with the abundance varying from 3.6 ± 0.6 ppm on the first day to 2.9 ± 0.7 ppm on the last day. H2O maps reveal a slightly higher abundance on the evening side compared to the morning side and a strong depletion between the first and the second day of observation.
关键词： planets and satellites: individual: Venus,methods: data analysis,planets and satellites: atmospheres,submillimeter: planetary systems,instrumentation: interferometers,radiative transfer
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M–L dwarfs
摘要： Context. At young ages, low surface gravity affects the atmospheric properties of ultracool dwarfs. The impact on medium-resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectra has only been slightly investigated at the M–L transition so far. Aims. We present a library of NIR (1.1–2.45 μm) medium-resolution (R ～ 1500–2000) integral field spectra of 15 young M6?L0 dwarfs. We aim at deriving updated NIR spectral type, luminosity, and physical parameters (Teff, log g, M, L/L☉) for each source. This work also aims at testing the latest generation of BT-SETTL atmospheric models. Methods. We estimated spectral types using spectral indices and the spectra of young objects classified in the optical. We used the 2010 and 2012 releases of the BT-SETTL synthetic spectral grid and cross-checked the results with the DRIFT-PHOENIX models to derive the atmospheric properties of the sources. Results. We do not find significant differences between the spectra of young companions and those of young isolated brown dwarfs in the same spectral type range. We derive infrared spectral types L0 ± 1, L0 ± 1, M9.5 ± 0.5, M9.5 ± 0.5, M9.25 ± 0.25, M8+0.5?0.75, and M8.5 ± 0.5 for AB Pic b, Cha J110913-773444, USco CTIO 108B, GSC 08047-00232 B, DH Tau B, CT Cha b, and HR7329B, respectively. The BT-SETTL and DRIFT-PHOENIX models yield close Teff and log g estimates for each source. The models seem to show a 600+600?300 K drop in the effective temperature at the M–L transition. Assuming the former temperatures are correct, we then derive new mass estimates that confirm that DH Tau B, USco CTIO 108B, AB Pic b, KPNO Tau 4, OTS 44, and Cha1109 lie inside or at the boundary of the planetary mass range. We combine the empirical luminosities of the M9.5–L0 sources to the Teff to derive semi-empirical radii estimates that do not match 'hot-start' evolutionary models predictions at 1–3 Myr. We use complementary data to demonstrate that atmospheric models are able to reproduce the combined optical and infrared spectral energy distribution, together with the NIR spectra of these sources simultaneously. But the models still fail to represent the dominant features in the optical. This issue raises doubts on the ability of these models to predict effective temperatures from NIR spectra alone. Conclusions. The library provides templates for characterizing other young and late type objects. The study advocates the use of photometric and spectroscopic information over a broad range of wavelengths to study the properties of very low-mass young companions to be detected with the planet imagers (Subaru/SCExAO, LBT/LMIRCam, Gemini/GPI, VLT/SPHERE).
关键词： stars: low-mass,techniques: spectroscopic,planetary systems,brown dwarfs
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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SPHERE/ZIMPOL high resolution polarimetric imager
摘要： Context. The SPHERE “planet finder” is an extreme adaptive optics (AO) instrument for high resolution and high contrast observations at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We describe the Zurich Imaging Polarimeter (ZIMPOL), the visual focal plane subsystem of SPHERE, which pushes the limits of current AO systems to shorter wavelengths, higher spatial resolution, and much improved polarimetric performance. Aims. We present a detailed characterization of SPHERE/ZIMPOL which should be useful for an optimal planning of observations and for improving the data reduction and calibration. We aim to provide new benchmarks for the performance of high contrast instruments, in particular for polarimetric differential imaging. Methods. We have analyzed SPHERE/ZIMPOL point spread functions (PSFs) and measure the normalized peak surface brightness, the encircled energy, and the full width half maximum (FWHM) for different wavelengths, atmospheric conditions, star brightness, and instrument modes. Coronagraphic images are described and the peak flux attenuation and the off-axis flux transmission are determined. Simultaneous images of the coronagraphic focal plane and the pupil plane are analyzed and the suppression of the diffraction rings by the pupil stop is investigated. We compared the performance at small separation for different coronagraphs with tests for the binary α Hyi with a separation of 92 mas and a contrast of Δm ≈ 6m. For the polarimetric mode we made the instrument calibrations using zero polarization and high polarization standard stars and here we give a recipe for the absolute calibration of polarimetric data. The data show small (<1 mas) but disturbing differential polarimetric beam shifts, which can be explained as Goos-H?nchen shifts from the inclined mirrors, and we discuss how to correct this effect. The polarimetric sensitivity is investigated with non-coronagraphic and deep, coronagraphic observations of the dust scattering around the symbiotic Mira variable R Aqr. Results. SPHERE/ZIMPOL reaches routinely an angular resolution (FWHM) of 22?28 mas, and a normalized peak surface brightness of SB0 ? mstar ≈ ?6.5m arcsec?2 for the V-, R- and I-band. The AO performance is worse for mediocre (?1.0″) seeing conditions, faint stars mR ? 9m, or in the presence of the “low wind” effect (telescope seeing). The coronagraphs are effective in attenuating the PSF peak by factors of >100, and the suppression of the diffracted light improves the contrast performance by a factor of approximately two in the separation range 0.06″?0.20″. The polarimetric sensitivity is Δp < 0.01% and the polarization zero point can be calibrated to better than Δp ≈ 0.1%. The contrast limits for differential polarimetric imaging for the 400 s I-band data of R Aqr at a separation of ρ = 0.86″ are for the surface brightness contrast SBpol(ρ)?mstar ≈ 8m arcsec?2 and for the point source contrast mpol(ρ)?mstar ≈ 15m and much lower limits are achievable with deeper observations. Conclusions. SPHERE/ZIMPOL achieves imaging performances in the visual range with unprecedented characteristics, in particular very high spatial resolution and very high polarimetric contrast. This instrument opens up many new research opportunities for the detailed investigation of circumstellar dust, in scattered and therefore polarized light, for the investigation of faint companions, and for the mapping of circumstellar Hα emission.
关键词： circumstellar matter,instrumentation: adaptive optics,planetary systems,instrumentation: polarimeters,instrumentation: high angular resolution,instrumentation: detectors
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Detection of He?I λ10830 ? absorption on HD 189733 b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
摘要： We present three transit observations of HD 189733 b obtained with the high-resolution spectrograph CARMENES at Calar Alto. A strong absorption signal is detected in the near-infrared He I triplet at 10830 ? in all three transits. During mid-transit, the mean absorption level is 0.88 ± 0.04% measured in a 10 km s?1 range at a net blueshift of ?3.5 ± 0.4 km s?1. The absorption signal exhibits radial velocities of +6.5 ± 1.0 km s?1 and ?12.6 ± 3.1 km s?1 during ingress and egress, respectively; all radial velocities are measured in the planetary rest frame. We show that stellar activity related pseudo-signals interfere with the planetary atmospheric absorption signal. They could contribute as much as 80% of the observed signal and might also affect the observed radial velocity signature, but pseudo-signals are very unlikely to explain the entire signal. The observed line ratio between the two unresolved and the third line of the He I triplet is 2.8 ± 0.2, which strongly deviates from the value expected for an optically thin atmospheres. When interpreted in terms of absorption in the planetary atmosphere, this favors a compact helium atmosphere with an extent of only 0.2 planetary radii and a substantial column density on the order of 4 × 1012 cm?2. The observed radial velocities can be understood either in terms of atmospheric circulation with equatorial superrotation or as a sign of an asymmetric atmospheric component of evaporating material. We detect no clear signature of ongoing evaporation, like pre- or post-transit absorption, which could indicate material beyond the planetary Roche lobe, or radial velocities in excess of the escape velocity. These findings do not contradict planetary evaporation, but only show that the detected helium absorption in HD 189733 b does not trace the atmospheric layers that show pronounced escape signatures.
关键词： stars: activity,planets and satellites: individual: HD 189773 b,infrared: planetary systems,planets and satellites: atmospheres,planet-star interactions,techniques: spectroscopic
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Radial velocity follow-up of GJ1132 with HARPS
摘要： The source GJ1132 is a nearby red dwarf known to host a transiting Earth-size planet. After its initial detection, we pursued an intense follow-up with the HARPS velocimeter. We now confirm the detection of GJ1132b with radial velocities alone. We refined its orbital parameters, and in particular, its mass (mb = 1.66 ± 0.23 M⊕), density (ρb = 6.3 ± 1.3 g cm?3), and eccentricity (eb < 0.22; 95%). We also detected at least one more planet in the system. GJ1132c is a super-Earth with period Pc = 8.93 ± 0.01 days and minimum mass mc sin ic = 2.64 ± 0.44 M⊕. Receiving about 1.9 times more flux than Earth in our solar system, its equilibrium temperature is that of a temperate planet (Teq = 230?300 K for albedos A = 0.75 ? 0.00), which places GJ1132c near the inner edge of the so-called habitable zone. Despite an a priori favorable orientation for the system, Spitzer observations reject most transit configurations, leaving a posterior probability <1% that GJ1132c transits. GJ1132(d) is a third signal with period Pd = 177 ± 5 days attributed to either a planet candidate with minimum mass md sin id = 8.4+1.7?2.5 M⊕ or stellar activity. Its Doppler signal is the most powerful in our HARPS time series but appears on a timescale where either the stellar rotation or a magnetic cycle are viable alternatives to the planet hypothesis. On the one hand, the period is different than that measured for the stellar rotation (～125 days), and a Bayesian statistical analysis we performed with a Markov chain Monte Carlo and Gaussian processes demonstrates that the signal is better described by a Keplerian function than by correlated noise. On the other hand, periodograms of spectral indices sensitive to stellar activity show power excess at similar periods to that of this third signal, and radial velocity shifts induced by stellar activity can also match a Keplerian function. We, therefore, prefer to leave the status of GJ1132(d) undecided.
关键词： techniques: radial velocities,planetary systems,stars: late-type
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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SOPHIE velocimetry of <i>Kepler</i> transit candidates
摘要： Kepler-419 is a planetary system discovered by the Kepler photometry which is known to harbour two massive giant planets: an inner 3 MJ transiting planet with a 69.8-day period, highly eccentric orbit, and an outer 7.5 MJ non-transiting planet predicted from the transit-timing variations (TTVs) of the inner planet b to have a 675-day period, moderately eccentric orbit. Here we present new radial velocity (RV) measurements secured over more than two years with the SOPHIE spectrograph, where both planets are clearly detected. The RV data is modelled together with the Kepler photometry using a photodynamical model. The inclusion of velocity information breaks the MR?3 degeneracy inherent in timing data alone, allowing us to measure the absolute stellar and planetary radii and masses. With uncertainties of 12 and 13% for the stellar and inner planet radii, and 35, 24, and 35% for the masses of the star, planet b, and planet c, respectively, these measurements are the most precise to date for a single host star system using this technique. The transiting planet mass is determined at better precision than the star mass. This shows that modelling the radial velocities and the light curve together in systems of dynamically interacting planets provides a way of characterising both the star and the planets without being limited by knowledge of the star. On the other hand, the period ratio and eccentricities place the Kepler-419 system in a sweet spot; had around twice as many transits been observed, the mass of the transiting planet could have been measured using its own TTVs. Finally, the origin of the Kepler-419 system is discussed. We show that the system is near a coplanar high-eccentricity secular fixed point, related to the alignment of the orbits, which has prevented the inner orbit from circularising. For most other relative apsidal orientations, planet b’s orbit would be circular with a semi-major axis of 0.03 au. This suggests a mechanism for forming hot Jupiters in multiplanetary systems without the need of high mutual inclinations.
关键词： planetary systems,techniques: photometric,techniques: radial velocities
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG
摘要： Context. Statistical studies of exoplanets have shown that giant planets are more commonly hosted by metal-rich dwarf stars than low-metallicity stars, while no such correlation is evident for lower mass planets. The search for giant planets around metal-poor stars and the estimate of their occurrence fp is an important element in providing support to models of planet formation. Aims. We present results from the HARPS-N search for giant planets orbiting metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≤ -0.5 dex) stars in the northern hemisphere, complementing a previous HARPS survey on southern stars in order to update the estimate of fp. Methods. High-precision HARPS-N observations of 42 metal-poor stars were used to search for planetary signals to be fitted using differential evolution Markov chain Monte Carlo single-Keplerian models. We then joined our detections to the results of the previous HARPS survey on 88 metal-poor stars to provide a preliminary estimate of the two-hemisphere fp. Results. We report the detection of two new giant planets around HD 220197 and HD 233832. The first companion has Msin i = 0.20+0.07-0.04 MJup and an orbital period of 1728+162-80 days, and for the second companion, we find two solutions of equal statistical weight with periods of 2058+47-40 and 4047+91-117 days and minimum masses of 1.78+0.08-0.06 and 2.72+0.23-0.23 MJup, respectively. Joining our two detections with the three from the southern survey, we obtain a preliminary and conservative estimate of the global frequency of fp = 3.84+2.45-1.06% for giant planets around metal-poor stars. Conclusions. The two new giant planets orbit dwarf stars at the metal-rich end of the HARPS-N metal-poor sample. This corroborates previous results that suggested that giant planet frequency is still a rising function of the host star [Fe/H]. We also note that all detections in the overall sample are giant long-period planets.
关键词： stars: individual: HD 220197,techniques: radial velocities,stars: abundances,stars: individual: HD 233832,methods: data analysis,planetary systems
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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The HOSTS Survey—Exozodiacal Dust Measurements for 30 Stars
摘要： The Hunt for Observable Signatures of Terrestrial Systems survey searches for dust near the habitable zones (HZs) around nearby, bright main-sequence stars. We use nulling interferometry in the N band to suppress the bright stellar light and to probe for low levels of HZ dust around the 30 stars observed so far. Our overall detection rate is 18%, including four new detections, among which are the first three around Sun-like stars and the first two around stars without any previously known circumstellar dust. The inferred occurrence rates are comparable for early-type and Sun-like stars, but decrease from 16% for stars with previously detected cold dust to 8% for stars without such excess, confirming earlier results at higher sensitivity. For completed observations on individual stars, our sensitivity is five to ten times better than previous results. Assuming a lognormal excess luminosity function, we put upper limits on the median HZ dust level of 13 zodis (95% confidence) for a sample of stars without cold dust and of 26 zodis when focusing on Sun-like stars without cold dust. However, our data suggest that a more complex luminosity function may be more appropriate. For stars without detectable Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) excess, our upper limits are almost reduced by a factor of two, demonstrating the strength of LBTI target vetting for future exo-Earth imaging missions. Our statistics are limited so far, and extending the survey is critical to informing the design of future exo-Earth imaging surveys.
关键词： planetary systems,zodiacal dust,techniques: interferometric,infrared: stars,circumstellar matter
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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GravityCam: Wide-field high-resolution high-cadence imaging surveys in the visible from the ground
摘要： GravityCam is a new concept of ground-based imaging instrument capable of delivering significantly sharper images from the ground than is normally possible without adaptive optics. Advances in optical and near-infrared imaging technologies allow images to be acquired at high speed without significant noise penalty. Aligning these images before they are combined can yield a 2.5–3-fold improvement in image resolution. By using arrays of such detectors, survey fields may be as wide as the telescope optics allows. Consequently, GravityCam enables both wide-field high-resolution imaging and high-speed photometry. We describe the instrument and detail its application to provide demographics of planets and satellites down to Lunar mass (or even below) across the Milky Way. GravityCam is also suited to improve the quality of weak shear studies of dark matter distribution in distant clusters of galaxies and multiwavelength follow-ups of background sources that are strongly lensed by galaxy clusters. The photometric data arising from an extensive microlensing survey will also be useful for asteroseismology studies, while GravityCam can be used to monitor fast multiwavelength flaring in accreting compact objects and promises to generate a unique data set on the population of the Kuiper belt and possibly the Oort cloud.
关键词： asteroseismology,gravitational lensing: micro,Kuiper belt: general,(stars:) planetary systems,gravitational lensing: weak
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29