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Effectiveness of camera traps for quantifying daytime and nighttime visitation by vertebrate pollinators
摘要： Identification of pollen vectors is a fundamental objective of pollination biology. The foraging and social behavior of these pollinators has profound effects on plant mating, making quantification of their behavior critical for understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of different pollinators for the plants they visit. However, accurate quantification of visitation may be problematic, especially for shy animals and/or when the temporal and spatial scale of observation desired is large. Sophisticated heat- and movement-triggered motion-sensor cameras (“camera trapping”) provide new, underutilized tools to address these challenges. However, to date, there has been no rigorous evaluation of the sampling considerations needed for using camera trapping in pollination research. We measured the effectiveness of camera trapping for identifying vertebrate visitors and quantifying their visitation rates and foraging behavior on Banksia menziesii (Proteaceae). Multiple still cameras (Reconyx HC 500) and a video camera (Little Acorn LTL5210A) were deployed. From 2,753 recorded visits by vertebrates, we identified five species of nectarivorous honeyeater (Meliphagidae) and the honey possum (Tarsipedidae), with significant variation in the species composition of visitors among inflorescences. Species of floral visitor showed significant variation in their time of peak activity, duration of visits, and numbers of flowers probed per visit. Where multiple cameras were deployed on individual inflorescences, effectiveness of individual still cameras varied from 15% to 86% of all recorded visits. Methodological issues and solutions, and the future uses of camera traps in pollination biology, are discussed. Conclusions and wider implications: Motion-triggered cameras are promising tools for the quantification of vertebrate visitation and some aspects of behavior on flowers. However, researchers need to be mindful of the variation in effectiveness of individual camera traps in detecting animals. Pollinator studies using camera traps are in their infancy, and the full potential of this developing technology is yet to be realized.
关键词： camera trapping,honeyeaters,pollination,plant mating,vertebrates,pollination syndrome,remote sensing,honey possum,Banksia
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Bumblebees land remarkably well in red-blue greenhouse LED light conditions
摘要： Red-blue emitting LEDs have recently been introduced in greenhouses to optimize plant growth. However, this spectrum may negatively affect the performance of bumblebees used for pollination, because the visual system of bumblebees is more sensitive to green light than to red-blue light. We used high-speed stereoscopic videography to 3D track and compare landing manoeuvres of Bombus terrestris bumblebees in red-blue light and in regular, broad-spectrum white light. In both conditions, the landing approaches were interspersed by one or several hover phases, finally followed by leg extension and touchdown. The time between leg extension and touchdown was 25% (0.05 s) longer in red-blue light than in white light, caused by a more tortuous flight path in red-blue light. However, the total landing duration, specified as the time between the first hover phase and touchdown, did not differ between the light conditions. This suggests that the negative effects of red-blue light on the landing manoeuvre are confined to the final phase of the landing.
关键词： landing,red-blue LED light,pollination,bumblebees,greenhouse
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Signal or cue: the role of structural colors in flower pollination
摘要： Angle dependent colors, such as iridescence, are produced by structures present on flower petals changing their visual appearance. These colors have been proposed to act as signals for plant–insect communication. However, there is a paucity of behavioral data to allow for interpretations of how to classify these colors either as a signal or a cue when considering the natural conditions under which pollination occurs. We sampled flowers from 6 plant species across various viewpoints looking for changes in the visual appearance of the petals. Spectral characteristics were measured with different instruments to simulate both the spectral and spatial characteristics of honeybee’s vision. We show the presence of color patches produced by angle dependent effects on the petals and the calyx of various species; however, the appearance of the angle dependent color patches significantly varies with viewpoint and would only be resolved by the insect eye at close distances. Behavior experiments with honeybees revealed that pollinators did not use angle dependent colors to drive behavior when presented with novel flower presentations. Results show that angle dependent colors do not comply with the requirements of a signal for plant–pollinator communication since the information transmitted by these colors would be unreliable for potential, free-flying pollination vectors. We thus classify angle dependent colors produced by micro- and ultra-structures as being a cue (a feature which has not evolved for communication), and observe no evidence supporting claims of these angle dependent colors having evolved as visual signal.
关键词： pollination,vision,color,photography,iridescence,flower,approach angle
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Quantum dots shed light on angiosperm speciation
摘要： For all sexual organisms, mate selection is an important factor in preventing gene flow between species. This is because it typically involves assortative mating: choosing mates similar to yourself and rejecting other possibilities. For animals, reproductive barriers during this stage are termed ‘behavioral isolation’, whereas for flowering plants the corresponding barriers are termed ‘floral isolation’. However, these are not simply interchangeable terms depending on your taxonomic preference, as the biological functions are fundamentally different. Most plants actually depend on another organism to find potential mates and ferry their pollen to them. Thus finding mates depends on intrinsic factors for animals, such as its own appearance and behavior, and extrinsic factors for flowering plants, such as the availability and behavior of pollinators. It is not immediately clear whether this distinction should amplify or decrease speciation rates for angiosperms. On the one hand, it should make angiosperms more susceptible to ecological speciation, or speciation due to divergent selection in different habitats: range expansions to include new habitats are not likely to affect animal mate-seeking behavior significantly, but these expansions can expose plants to very different pollinator regimes. On the other hand, the pollination process is inherently messy – to what extent can the behavior or morphology of pollinators actually restrict pollen movement between incipient species? Unfortunately, the earliest stages of speciation are notoriously difficult to study, and there is a dearth of evidence on the topic. In this issue of New Phytologist, Minnaar et al. (2019, pp. 1160–1170) provide one of the clearest demonstrations to date of floral isolation during incipient speciation, showing how evolutionary shifts in flower tube length serve to greatly reduce pollen transfer between long- and short-tubed floral morphs. To track pollen movement, they debut a technique that Minnaar & Anderson (2019) recently developed to label pollen grains using quantum dots. The latest work by Minnaar et al. thus makes two contributions to the study of plant reproduction: it provides critical support for the potential role of floral isolation during speciation, and it illustrates the experimental use of an exciting new methodology, that has the potential to revolutionize the study of the male fitness component of plant reproductive success.
关键词： quantum dots,pollination,mechanical isolation,floral isolation,ecological speciation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Fractional Chaos Maps with Flower Pollination Algorithm for Partial Shading Mitigation of Photovoltaic Systems
摘要： Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have become prominent and have attained the attention of energy engineers, governments and researchers. To achieve the maximum bene?t from the PV system in spite of its nonlinear characteristic and environmental conditions, ?nding a robust maximum power point tracking method is essential. Over two decades, various researchers proposed numerous MPPT methods, but they failed to evaluate their methods on consistency, reliability, and robustness over several numbers of runs. Most of the researchers examined one con?guration and they did not to consider the dynamic change in the irradiation conditions. Therefore, in this manuscript, the authors introduced a novel optimization technique Fractional chaotic Flower Pollination Algorithm (FC-FPA), by merging fractional chaos maps with ?ower pollination algorithm (FPA). The proposed technique, help FPA in extracting the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) under different partial shading patterns including with different PV array con?gurations. The proposed FC-FPA technique is tested and evaluated over 5 different patterns of partial shading conditions. The ?rst three patterns are tested over 4S con?guration made with Shell S36 PV module. The other two patterns are applied to the 4S2P con?guration of Shell SM55 PV panels. The performance of the proposed variant is investigated by tracking the GMPP for abruptly changing shade pattern. Exclusive statistical analysis is performed over several numbers of runs. Comparison with perturb and observe MPPT technique is established. These results con?rm that, the proposed method shows fast convergence, zero oscillation and rapid response for the dynamic change in irradiation with consistent behavior.
关键词： maximum power point tracker,?ower pollination algorithm,fractional chaos maps,partial shading conditions
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Temperature impact on parameters of In <sub/>0.3</sub> Ga <sub/>0.7</sub> As PV cell under laser irradiation condition
摘要： The parameters of In0.3Ga0.7As PV cell applied in laser wireless power transmission (LWPT) system dependence on temperature was investigated at a temperature range of 5-90○C under 100mW/cm2 laser intensity with 1070nm wavelength. The pollination algorithm method was used to extract parameters, viz., photocurrent, series and shunt resistance, reverse saturation current, and ideality factor from the I-V curves at each temperature point. The results show that the short circuit current decrease exponentially with temperature increasing, which is obviously different from the condition with solar irradiation. As temperature increases, the conversion efficiency and the open circuit voltage decreases linearly at the rate of 0.095%/○C and 1.89mV/○C, respectively. In addition, the dependence of series and shunt resistance, ideality factor, and fill factor on temperature was also analyzed. This research gives us a new understanding of PV cells under laser irradiation condition, also provides a direction for manufacturing the cells used in LWPT system.
关键词： laser wireless power transmission,conversion efficiency,In0.3Ga0.7As PV cell,pollination algorithm,temperature dependence
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22