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Effects of 10,600?nm Carbon Dioxide Laser on Remineralizing Caries: A Literature Review
摘要： Objective: To study the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers (k = 10,600 nm) on remineralizing dental caries. Methods: This study involved performing a systematic search of English articles archived in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The keywords used to identify the relevant articles were ((CO2 laser) OR (carbon dioxide laser)) AND ((dental caries) OR (tooth remineralization)). Publications before 2019 were selected. The titles and abstracts of the initially identi?ed articles were screened. Duplicate records, reviews, and irrelevant studies were removed. Full texts were retrieved for publications that studied the effects of CO2 lasers on remineralizing dental caries. Results: The search identi?ed 543 potentially relevant publications. A total of 285 duplicate records were removed. Sixteen articles were included in this review. Four studies reported that CO2 lasers inhibited bacterial growth. The growth of cariogenic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans, on an irradiated tooth surface was slower compared with nonirradiated ones. Four studies investigated the reduction of the demineralization of enamel with cariogenic challenge. They found that CO2 lasers reduced the carbonate content of mineralized tissues and increased the microhardness of enamel. Nine studies used CO2 lasers associated with topical ?uorides in remineralizing dental caries. The results of the synergistic effect of laser irradiation and ?uoride application with regard to the inhibition of caries progression varied among these studies, whereas laser irradiation could enhance ?uoride uptake to demineralized mineral tissues. Conclusions: CO2 laser irradiation increased acid resistance and facilitated the ?uoride uptake of caries-like lesions. In addition, it reduced the growth of cariogenic bacteria.
关键词： carbon dioxide lasers,dental caries,?uoride,review,remineralization
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Is there still a role of macular laser treatment in branch retinal vein occlusion in the era of intravitreal injections?
摘要： We aimed to evaluate whether macular laser still has a role in the treatment of macular oedema (MO) caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and provide an overview of recent studies on commonly available treatment options. A literature search was last conducted in PubMed on 26 February 2019, limited to human randomized controlled trials published in English since 2008. Seventeen articles addressing 13 trials were included in this assessment. In trials evaluating intravitreal corticosteroid and macular laser, triamcinolone was non-inferior to laser in regard to visual acuity (VA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) outcomes. Combination treatment of dexamethasone and laser resulted in better VA and lower CRT after 6 months. In trials evaluating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors versus macular laser treatment, or sham and rescue laser, better VA and CRT of VEGF inhibition treatment was consistently reported. Results of combination treatment versus VEGF inhibition monotherapy were inconsistent, with four of six studies reporting comparable outcomes and injection burden. Study comparison was affected by considerable differences in study design and inadequate reporting of laser protocol and rescue laser. Studies evaluating angiostatic treatment as monotherapy largely report the use of rescue laser, indicating that some patients would benefit from supplemental laser treatment even in the era of intravitreal therapy. Thus, we suggest further studies on optimal design of combination therapy prioritizing longer follow-up time to sufficiently evaluate the delayed effect of laser.
关键词： vascular endothelial growth factor,branch retinal vein occlusion,review,corticosteroid,macular oedema,randomized controlled trials,macular laser
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Laser therapy for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an overview
摘要： Objectives To evaluate therapeutic effects of laser therapy on patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis assessing evidences from previously published systematic reviews. Materials and methods An overview of systematic reviews was conducted based on PRISMA checklist. Search strategies were developed and adapted for six different electronic databases and a gray literature search was also performed. The methodology quality of the included systematic reviews was assessed by the Measurement Tool to Assess the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2). Results After a two-step selection, five systematic reviews were included. Methodology quality was considered as a high risk of bias in two systematic reviews, while in the other three were graded as moderate. The systematic reviews’ conclusions demonstrated that all included systematics reviews showed positive effects of laser therapy for pain relief, and most of them demonstrated healing improvement. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity in treatments parameters. Conclusions Evidence suggested that laser therapy is an effective tool to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis; nevertheless, more randomized clinical trials should be conducted to compare different lasers parameters. Clinical relevance The present overview evaluated recent evidence about laser therapy for recurrent aphthous stomatitis management in order to contribute for evidence-based dentistry and decision-making. This overview suggests that laser therapy is a safe and promising alternative to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis, since it promotes wound healing and pain relief.
关键词： Evidence-based medicine,Lasers,Oral medicine,Overview,Systematic review,Oral ulcer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Photovoltaic panel integrated with phase change materials (PV-PCM): technology overview and materials selection
摘要： In recent years, the utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) in photovoltaic (PV) module for thermal regulation has attracted wide attention in this field, as the hybrid PV-PCM technology can not only achieve higher photoelectric conversion efficiency but also make it possible to extract thermal energy stored in PCMs for cascade utilization. Although substantial research has been carried out on PV-PCM systems, the promise of practical application is still far from clear with some barriers unsolved, such as PCMs which need further improvements in both technical and economical view. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of the state-of-the-art aspects of PV-PCM systems is presented, with the focus on technology overview and materials selection. The concept of hybrid PV-PCM system is first discussed with its general configuration and energy balance, to figure out the key factors affecting its performance. Besides, the development route of PV-PCM research is outlined through a comprehensive review of 104 research articles during 2004–2018, clarifying the representative achievements and existing problems in each stage. Furthermore, PCMs are highlighted in this paper with details on their classification, properties, and application in previous PV-PCM research. In particular a triangle about materials selection criteria and determination strategy of phase transition temperature is proposed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of future research on PV-PCM systems are raised, advocating that more attention should be addressed on new strategies to overcome the existing problems such as insufficient reliability and economic feasibility.
关键词： Phase change material (PCM),PV cooling,PV-PCM,Solar photovoltaic (PV),Review
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Correlated Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry-Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Imaging for Single Cell-Principles and Applications
摘要： Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) as a powerful surface analysis technique has been widely applied in semiconductor industry and geology research. Recently, with the development of instrumental technology, SIMS is attracting more and more attention in life sciences. SIMS can provide surface MS spectra, 2D/3D chemical images and depth profiling of substances simultaneously. The minimal lateral resolution of 2D SIMS imaging is 80?100 nm, and the longitudinal resolution of 3D SIMS imaging is about 1–5 nm. However, owing to lack of specific ions to render the structures of organelles, SIMS imaging for single cells still have great challenges. Optical microscopy, in particular laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), has been emerged to be an indispensable technique for single cell imaging and can obtain high spatial 2D/3D imaging to visualize the structures of organelles. Thus, the combinational use of SIMS and LSCM, which takes advantages of SIMS for molecular imaging and LSCM for morphological imaging, has greatly extended the application of SIMS imaging and ensured its accuracy at single cells level, providing novel insights into better understanding of the biological events inside cells. In this review, we focus on the development and application of SIMS imaging and the correlated SIMS and LSCM imaging in the research of cell biology and drug discovery. We anticipate that the combinational use of SIMS and LSCM imaging has promising future in biomedicine and life sciences.
关键词： Cell biology,Single cell imaging,Laser scanning confocal microscopy,Correlated secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging,Secondary ion mass spectrometry,Review
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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The laser of the future: reality and expectations about the new thulium fiber laser—a systematic review
摘要： The Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser has been the gold-standard for laser lithotripsy over the last 20 years. However, recent reports about a new prototype thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripter have revealed impressive levels of performance. We therefore decided to systematically review the reality and expectations for this new TFL technology. This review was registered in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42019128695). A PubMed search was performed for papers including specific terms relevant to this systematic review published between the years 2015 and 2019, including already accepted but not yet published papers. Additionally, the medical sections of ScienceDirect, Wiley, SpringerLink, Mary Ann Liebert publishers, and Google Scholar were also searched for peer-reviewed abstract presentations. All relevant studies and data identified in the bibliographic search were selected, categorized, and summarized. The authors adhered to PRISMA guidelines for this review. The TFL emits laser radiation at a wavelength of 1,940 nm, and has an optical penetration depth in water about four-times shorter than the Ho:YAG laser. This results in four-times lower stone ablation thresholds, as well as lower tissue ablation thresholds. As the TFL uses electronically-modulated laser diodes, it offers the most comprehensive and flexible range of laser parameters among laser lithotripters, with pulse frequencies up to 2,200 Hz, very low to very high pulse energies (0.005–6 J), short to very long-pulse durations (200 μs up to 12 ms), and a total power level up to 55 W. The stone ablation efficiency is up to four-times that of the Ho:YAG laser for similar laser parameters, with associated implications for speed and operating time. When using dusting settings, the TFL outperforms the Ho:YAG laser in dust quantity and quality, producing much finer particles. Retropulsion is also significantly reduced and sometimes even absent with the TFL. The TFL can use small laser fibers (as small as 50 μm core), with resulting advantages in irrigation, scope deflection, retropulsion reduction, and (in)direct effects on accessibility, visibility, efficiency, and surgical time, as well as offering future miniaturization possibilities. Similar to the Ho:YAG laser, the TFL can also be used for soft tissue applications such as prostate enucleation (ThuFLEP). The TFL machine itself is seven times smaller and eight times lighter than a high-power Ho:YAG laser system, and consumes nine times less energy. Maintenance is expected to be very low due to the durability of its components. The safety profile is also better in many aspects, i.e., for patients, instruments, and surgeons. The advantages of the TFL over the Ho:YAG laser are simply too extensive to be ignored. The TFL appears to be a real alternative to the Ho:YAG laser and become a true game-changer in laser lithotripsy. Due to its novelty, further studies are needed to broaden our understanding of the TFL, and comprehend the full implications and benefits of this new technology, as well its limitations.
关键词： laser,systematic review,Inventions,lithotripsy,urinary calculi,thulium
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Laser Ablation of Polymers: A Review
摘要： Laser Ablation (LA), which employs a pulsed laser to remove materials from a substrate for generating micro/nano structures, has tremendous applications in the fabrication of metals, ceramics, glasses, and polymers. It has become a noteworthy approach to achieve different functional structures in engineering, chemistry, biological, medical and other fields. There are several parameters present during ablation, which affect the quality of the fabricated structures. Such parameters include laser sources, laser power, medium, and substrate materials. The objective of LA is to obtain high-quality, low-cost, repeatable, and reliable parts. This objective leads to plenty of attempts to control laser parameters on various types of materials. Polymers are one such class of materials, they can be melted and vaporized at high temperature during the ablation process. As a result, a number of polymers have been researched as candidate substrates in LA, and many different structures and patterns have been realized by this method. Based on previous works regarding LA, the current states of research and progress were reviewed from basic concept to optimal parameters, polymer types and applications. The significance of this paper is to provide a basis for follow-up research that leads to the development of superior materials and high-quality production through LA. In this review, we first introduced the basic concept of LA, including mechanism, laser types (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond) and influential parameters (wavelength, repetition rate, fluence, and pulse duration). Then, we focused on several commonly used polymer materials (PTFE, PI, PDMS, PET, and PMMA) and compared them in detail, including the effects of polymer properties, laser parameters, and feature designs. Finally, we summarized the applications of various structures fabricated by LA in different areas along with a proposition of the challenges in this research area. Overall, a thorough review of laser ablation on several polymers has been presented, which could pave the way for characterization of future novel materials.
关键词： review,laser ablation,polymer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Laser photobiomodulation for cartilage defect in animal models of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
摘要： To review and assess the efficacy of laser photobiomodulation for cartilage defect in animal models of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched. Studies were considered if the global quality score of cartilage were parallelly reported between laser and untreated control groups. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using a modified 10-item checklist. The effect size was estimated by standardized mean difference (SMD) and pooled based on the random-effects model. Stratified analysis and regression analysis were conducted to partition potential heterogeneity. An adjusted significant level of 0.01 was acceptable. Five hundred eight initial search recordings were identified, of which 14 studies (including 274 animals) were included for quantitative analysis. The global quality scores mostly weighted by the structural integrity and chondrocyte distribution were measured by different four scales including Histologic Histochemical Grading System (HHGS), Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), Pineda, and Huang. There were considerable variances on laser parameters and irradiation time among those included studies. Overall, a moderate level of methodological qualities was determined. The synthesis results indicated that the SMD effect size was significantly larger in HHGS (z = 2.61, P = 0.01) and Huang (z = 4.90, P < 0.01) groups. Stratified by irradiance, SMD of low (< 1 W/cm2) but not high (≥ 1 W/cm2) level estimated significant difference (z = 5.62, P < 0.01). Meta-regression identified a significant association for SMDs and irradiation time (P < 0.01). Yet, Egger’s test detected small study effect (P < 0.01). No individual study with significant variance was found in homogeneity tests. The results demonstrated the positive effect of laser photobiomodulation for cartilage defect in animal models of KOA under proper irradiance and adequate irradiation time.
关键词： Laser photobiomodulation,Dose-response,Review,Knee osteoarthritis,Cartilage
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: Best Evidence Based Practice or Not?
摘要： Onychomycosis is a very common condition that accounts for 50% of all nail pathologies. Currently 2–5% of the world population suffers from this disorder. It is primarily caused by dermatophytes, but the infection can also be caused by yeasts and non-dermatophyte moulds. Onychomycosis is a therapeutic challenge and recently there has been an increase in resistance to oral and topical antifungal agents, leading to 20–25% relapse and/or reinfection rate. During the past 5 years, the emergence of laser therapy has been the topic of discussion as a newer, safer modality of treatment. Nail clippings and scrapings are the most common methods of sampling for suspected onychomycosis. The simplest method for detecting fungi is by way of 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations, but lately show insufficient sensitivity in onychomycosis – as much as 40–68%. Fungi can also be grown in culture form; however a 70% sensitivity detection failure rate is seen. Recently, histological fungal detection – in the form of Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain – has shown high sensitivity at 92% in the detection of fungal elements. The exact mechanism of action of laser is unknown but it is believed that heat disintegrates fungal structures. One of the most appealing characteristics of laser therapy is its ability to deliver energy to the target tissue and avoid systemic side effects at the same time. In 2009 the United Kingdom (UK) Podiatry magazine Podiatry Now published a letter suggesting laser treatment was “possibly the most radical development in the treatment of onychomycosis our profession has ever seen”, although concerns were raised over the unproven efficacy and investment costs involved. Papers have been published investigating the efficacy of lasers for the treatment of onychomycosis. Even though laser therapy provides an alternative option with rapid procedure duration, conflicting evidence is shown in a variety of papers and studies with longer follow-up periods suggest onychomycosis relapse in those treated with laser, which warrants further investigation.
关键词： Heat,Laser,Effectiveness,Review,1064 nm wavelength,Onychomycosis,Resistance,New treatment
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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High rate of clinical improvement of actinic cheilitis with laser, surgery, and chemotherapeutic agents in patients who have a favorable prognosis
摘要： This review does not in any way substitute for professional advice and should not be regarded as clinical guidance. As always, any evidence should be carefully considered by clinician and patient to ensure that in their views, all potentially desirable consequences outweigh all potentially undesirable consequences.
关键词： premalignant lesions,effectiveness,Pathology,actinic cheilitis,oral medicine,treatments,systematic review
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22