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Monte Carlo Simulation of Laser-Ablated Particle Splitting Dynamic in a Low Pressure Inert Gas
摘要： A Monte Carlo simulation method with an instantaneous density dependent mean-free-path of the ablated particles and the Ar gas is developed for investigating the transport dynamics of the laser-ablated particles in a low pressure inert gas. The ablated-particle density and velocity distributions are analyzed. The force distributions acting on the ablated particles are investigated. The in?uence of the substrate on the ablated-particle velocity distribution and the force distribution acting on the ablated particles are discussed. The Monte Carlo simulation results approximately agree with the experimental data at the pressure of 8 Pa to 17 Pa. This is helpful to investigate the gas phase nucleation and growth mechanism of nanoparticles.
关键词： Monte Carlo simulation,instantaneous mean-free-path,ablated particles,transport dynamic,low pressure
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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SnO2 surface defects tuned by (NH4)2S for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells
摘要： Tin oxide (SnO2) is widely adopted as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the oxygen vacancies of the SnO2 not only are the trap states of the nonradiative recombination of photo-generated carriers, but also build the potential barrier of carrier transport. To solve this issue, ammonium sulfide [(NH4)2S] is introduced to the SnO2 precursor for passivating the surface defects by terminating the Sn dangling bonds (S–Sn bonds). After reducing the surface traps, the electron mobility and conductivity of SnO2 film are enhanced significantly while the carrier recombination is decreased. Additionally, the energy level of S-SnO2 is also slightly modified. Therefore, this sulfide-passivated mothed remarkably improves the electron collection efficiency of the ETL. Furthermore, the linkage of Sn–S–Pb anchors the perovskite crystals at the perovskite/SnO2 interface, which increases the electron extraction efficiency and the stability of PSC. Based on this S-SnO2 ETL, the power conversion efficiency of the PSC is greatly promoted from 18.67% to 20.03%, compared with the reference one. In this study, it is proven that the surface defect passivation of SnO2 is an efficient and simple method to improve the photovoltaic performance, as a promising ETL for high-efficiency device.
关键词： Oxygen vacancy,Carrier transport dynamic,SnO2 electron transport layer,Surface passivation,Perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22