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Blue LED light-driven photoelectrocatalytic removal of naproxen from water: Kinetics and primary by-products
摘要： Here, we demonstrate the viability of a ZnO/TiO2/Ag2Se thin-film composite synthesized on FTO to degrade the drug naproxen in aqueous solutions by visible-light photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). The experiments were made with 100 mL of solutions containing 5 mg L-1 drug and 50 mM Na2SO4 at natural pH, using a cell equipped with a Pt wire as cathode and the composite as photoanode exposed to a 36 W blue LED lamp. Total degradation was achieved after 210 min of electrolysis at anodic potential of +1.0 V/Ag|AgCl. This resulted from the oxidative action of hydroxyl radicals formed via direct anodic water discharge and through mediated water oxidation by photogenerated holes. The degradation rate decreased at higher naproxen concentration, but the treatment efficiency became higher due the deceleration of the parasitic reactions involving hydroxyl radicals. In chloride medium, the photoanode showed a large ability to produce active chlorine, which contributed to the oxidation of the target molecule. LC-QToF-MS analysis of treated solutions revealed the generation of four primary naphthalenic by-products, from which the initial degradation route of naproxen is proposed.
关键词： Photoelectrocatalysis,Water treatment,Oxidation by-products,Blue LED light,Pharmaceutical residue
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Post Deposition Treatments of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se <sub/>2</sub> Thin Films for Solar Cells
摘要： Different alkali alternatives for post-deposition of ACIGS were tested, both conventional fluoride salts and in the form of metals. XPS analysis of surfaces treated with K or KF as well as Rb or RbF have been performed, before (only for K and Rb) and after an ammonia etch. In addition to a strong suppression of Cu and Ag near the surface, we observe a difference in the re-distribution of Ga in the surface region after the etch depending on pdt element. Our results are consistent with the formation of K-In-Se and Rb-In-Se compounds for both metal alkalis and alkali fluorides. We find a similar beneficial effect on cell performance for the best cells with the metals as with the fluoride salts.
关键词： KF,Rb,RbF,ACIGS,K,alkali post deposition treatment,(Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Roles of chemistry modification for laser textured metal alloys to achieve extreme surface wetting behaviors
摘要： Wetting behaviors of structured metal surfaces have received considerable attention due to the wide range of applications for commercial, industrial, and military uses as well as fundamental research interests. Due to its adaptability, precision, and ease of automation, laser-based texturing techniques are desirable platforms to create micro- and nano-structures, including laser-induced periodic surface structures, or hierarchical structures on a metal substrate. However, micro- and nanostructures alone often do not achieve the desired wettability. A subsequent surface chemistry modification method must be performed to attain target extreme wettability for laser textured metal substrates. This review aims to provide a systematic understanding of the interdependence of surface chemistry modification and physical surface structures formed during the laser-based surface engineering methods. The role of surface chemistry on top of the surface structures is presented to decide the final wetting scenario. Specifically, by controlling the surface chemistry of a laser textured surface, wetting can be modulated from extreme hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, allowing freedom to achieve complex multi-wettability situations. In each section, we highlight the most fruitful approaches and underlying mechanisms to achieve a fitting combination of surface structures and surface chemistry. Durability and stability of the treatd surface is also discussed in corrosive and abrasive environments. Finally, challenges in current studies and prospects in future research directions of this rapidly developing field are also discussed. This review will provide a comprehensive guideline for the design of laser texturing methods and the fabrication of extreme wetting surfaces for metal alloys.
关键词： superhydrophilicity,superhydrophobicity,metal alloy,Laser surface texturing,chemistry modification,silane treatment
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Study on ?′-ferrite evolution and properties of laser fusion zone during post-weld heat treatment on Al-Si coated press-hardened steel
摘要： Laser welding of Al-Si coated press-hardened steel (PHS) was still a challenging due to the formation of ?-ferrite in the fusion zone. However, it was ambiguous on the ?-ferrite evolution during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). In this study, Al-Si coated PHS was welded by laser ?ber and then heat-treated at various temperatures (650 ?C, 950 ?C and 1050 ?C), and the microstructure evolution was investigated by in situ-observation. Mechanical properties and formability of welded joints was analyzed. The results showed that ?-ferrite did not go through phase transformation during PWHT regardless of any temperature, but with a grain boundary ?atted and movement. The presence of coarse ?-ferrite after PWHT was the responsible for the decreasing of tensile strength and formability of welded joints. The initiation crack was easy to generate in the phase interface between ?-ferrite and martensite to form a local brittle fracture zone ?nally. This study results provides a new theoretical criterion for the properties improvement on the laser welding of PHS without removing Al-Si coating.
关键词： Laser welding,Post-weld heat treatment,Al-Si coating,Press hardened steel ?-ferrite
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Potassium Treatments for Solution-Processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) <sub/>2</sub> Solar Cells
摘要： Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSe, CIGSSe) has emerged as an attractive thin-film solar cell absorber material owing to its high light absorption coefficient and tunable bandgap. In CIGSSe processing and fabrication, the use of alkali treatments has been implemented as sodium doping is considered a requirement for high efficiency CIGSSe solar cell devices and has been used extensively. One of the more significant developments in recent years has been the discovery of the beneficial effects that potassium post-deposition treatments have on vacuum-processed CIGSSe solar cells as they are responsible for a major increase in CIGSSe solar cell performance. Here, we conduct a study of the effect of potassium treatments to solution-processed CIGSSe films grown from colloidal sulfide-based nanoparticle inks. By adding potassium through e-beam evaporation of KF prior to selenization and grain growth, we find that the grain growth of CIGSSe is enhanced with potassium addition and that a larger-grained film results compared to untreated selenized CIGSSe film, similar to what is observed in sodium-treated films. We also observe through XPS that films treated with K show the presence of the high-bandgap K-In-Se surface phase. Fabricating devices, we find that films that have been subjected simultaneously to both sodium and potassium treatments have enhanced optoelectronic performance mainly manifested in higher open-circuit voltage and higher short-circuit current.
关键词： CIGS,alkali treatment,Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2,solution-processed solar cells,potassium fluoride,chalcopyrite solar cell,sodium fluoride
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Improvement of Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub/>2</sub> solar cell performance by thiourea treatment
摘要： We investigated the effects of a thiourea treatment performed to the absorber of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. The thiourea treatment successfully improved the open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency of the solar cells. Reduced ideality factor and reverse saturation current density demonstrated that the suppression of carrier recombination contributed to the improvement in solar cell performance. Increased intensity in cross-sectional electron-beam-induced current measurements confirmed the improved film quality with the thiourea treatment. Additionally, an enhanced carrier density observed with the treatment suggests the passivation of donor-type defects. These results indicate that the thiourea treatment is promising to improve the absorber quality and enhance the performance of CIGS solar cells.
关键词： thiourea treatment,solar cell,Cu(In,Ga)Se2,carrier recombination,film quality
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Effects of the inductively coupled Ar plasma etching on the performance of (111) face CdZnTe detector
摘要： The effect of inductively coupled Ar plasma etching (ICP-Ar) instead of traditional Br–MeOH etching on the performance of CdZnTe detectors was studied. The optimal ICP etching parameters were determined by experiments. The XPS results indicated that the surface composition of CdZnTe etched by ICP-Ar had no obvious TeOx peak and was closer to stoichiometric ratio than that etched by Br–MeOH. The leakage current of ICP-Ar etched CdZnTe surface was significantly reduced, and the detection performance with the energy resolution was improved by 12%, as compared to Br–MeOH etched sample. Moreover, ICP-Ar etching abandoned the drawbacks of Br–MeOH by producing corrosive gases, making it safer and more environmentally friendly. Therefore, inductively coupled Ar plasma etching is expected to replace Br–MeOH etching and become an effective method for CdZnTe surface treatment.
关键词： Surface treatment,CdZnTe,ICP plasma
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - Rome, Italy (2019.6.17-2019.6.20)] 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - Design and Implementation of Fiber-embedded Plasmonic Structures in Microwires
摘要： General principles are developed using a finite element model regarding how time-dependent power dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles can be used to optimize hyperthermia selectivity. To make the simulation more realistic, the finite size and spatial location of each individual nanoparticle is taken into consideration. When energy input into the system and duration of treatment is held constant, increasing the maximum power dissipation of nanoparticles increases concentrations of energy in the tumor. Furthermore, when the power dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles rises linearly, the temperature gradient on the edge of the tumor increases exponentially. With energy input held constant, the location and duration of maximum power dissipation in the treatment time scheme will affect the final energy concentration inside the tumor. Finally, connections are made between the simulation results and optimization of the design of nanoparticle power dissipation time-schemes for hyperthermia.
关键词： treatment planning,finite-element modeling,Hyperthermia optimization,magnetic nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Laser Treatment of Accidental Tattoos: Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center
摘要： Background: To date, information on laser treatment of accidental tattoos is limited. Objectives: This study analyzes the efficacy and safety of quality-switched ruby, quality-switched Nd:YAG and picosecond lasers in the treatment of accidental hyperpigmentation in a larger patient cohort. To date, there is limited information on laser therapy of accidental hyperpigmentation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective systematic single-center analysis on 70 patients, which presented with accidental hyperpigmentation at the Dermatology Department of the University Hospital of Zurich between 2008 and 2017. Patients with accidental tattoos due to road injuries, explosives or other traumas and iatrogenic measures were included. We analyzed the data including laser parameters such as wavelength, energy density, spot size and intervals between the sessions. Also, the number of sessions performed and the overall success were registered. Results: We treated 38 patients by quality-switched nano- and/or picosecond laser therapy and completed the treatment in 28 cases within a mean number of 3–5 laser sessions. No complications occurred. Conclusion: We demonstrate the validity and safety of quality-switched and picosecond lasers in the treatment of accidental hyperpigmentation. Using a combination of different wavelengths and pulse lengths on the same lesion and gradually increasing the fluence in the course of the laser treatment is recommendable to increase efficacy. We observed a tendency towards faster elimination of facial accidental tattoos and/or originating from road injuries compared to tattoos located on the extremities and those caused by explosions, piercings or iatrogenic measures or consisting of metal pigment particles.
关键词： Laser treatment,Tattoo pigment,Surgical techniques,Dermatologic surgery
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Nodular Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma Treated With Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Delivered Through a Tilted Angle: Outcome and 12-Month Follow Up
摘要： Background and Objectives: Classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal angioproliferative disorder with a long and indolent course typically affecting the lower extremities of elderly men. Multiple nodules with a rapid growth may sometimes develop, causing pain, bleeding, and discomfort on walking. In such cases, immediate intervention using different methods, including laser therapy, is advisable. We report our experience in classic KS patients with the use of neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser delivered through a tilted angle. Study Design/Materials and Methods: A total of 81 KS nodules (0.5–3 cm size) located in the feet or lower limbs of nine patients (mean age: 78.8 years; age range: 64–86 years) were selected for treatment with Nd:YAG laser (5–7 mm spot, 140–200 J/cm2 fluence, 5 ms triple pulse with 10 ms delay). The laser beam was delivered at the periphery of each nodule using a tilted angle of 30° to 60° according to lesion size in order to better target the feeding vessels located in the inner and basal depth of the lesion and minimize tissue damage. The treatment outcome was evaluated by clinical photograph, videodermatoscopy, and ultrasound scanning performed before and after treatment, and at each monthly follow‐up visit. Results: All treated patients showed full recovery, with negligible scarring, no residual hyperpigmentation, and complete regression of pain. Treatment discomfort was minimal and use of topical anesthetics was not needed. No recurrences were observed at 12‐month follow up. Conclusions: Long‐pulse Nd:YAG laser delivered using a tilted angle is a fast, easy, effective, comfortable, and safe treatment option available to promptly shrink bulky, painful, or bleeding nodules with minimal discomfort and gives excellent functional and cosmetic results.
关键词： laser treatment,Nd:YAG,classic Kaposi's sarcoma
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01