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Recent Improvements in the Production of Solar Fuels: From CO <sub/>2</sub> Reduction to Water Splitting and Artificial Photosynthesis
摘要： This account deals with recent trends and challenges regarding photo(electro)chemical solar fuels produced by CO2 reduction and water splitting. The CO2 reduction process is limited by product selectivity, catalyst stability, and its complex reaction mechanism. A variety of catalysts—including thermocatalysts, photocatalysts, electrocatalysts, and combinations of photo- and electrocatalysts—have been employed to facilitate selective and durable CO2 reduction. In addition, the roles of the supporting electrolyte, pH, reaction temperature, chemical environment, and catalyst surface chemistry in efficient CO2 reduction have been thoroughly studied in recent years. Effective use of solar light is a significant part of realizing efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion during the water splitting process, and so the response of photo(electro)systems to visible light is key. To this end, several strategies have been studied in detail, including band engineering of photocatalysts, photocatalytic systems that mimic natural photosynthesis, and the development of photoanodes and their combination with photovoltaic systems. Here, we summarize recent developments surrounding the CO2-reduction and water-splitting reactions and progress towards achieving artificial photosynthesis.
关键词： Artificial photosynthesis,CO2 reduction,Water splitting
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Flexible TiO2-coated nanocellulose membranes incorporated with CdTe as electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells
摘要： Incorporation of quantum dots (QDs) into porous matrices has triggered the development of novel optical devices. In this work, TiO2 sensitized by CdTe incorporated into bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes were tested as photoelectrodes in a photoelectrochemical cell directed to the water splitting for hydrogen generation. The flexible membranes were produced by immersing BNC membranes in an aqueous solution of CdTe capped with glutathione (CdTe–GSH) and further deposited over a thin layer of TiO2. Incorporation of CdTe–GSH into BNC membranes was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the luminescence intensity increased with the immersion time in the CdTe–GSH solution. Field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) images revealed that the CdTe/QDs (5 nm) were homogeneously dispersed on the cellulose nanofibers. BNC/CdTe–GSH membranes was tested as photoelectrodes. Photoelectrochemical cells exhibited a significant photocurrent in wavelengths ranging from 400 to 800 nm, which indicates their potential for applications as flexible electrodes, sensors and photovoltaic systems.
关键词： Photoelectrochemical cell,Quantum dots,Bacterial nanocellulose,Water splitting,Hydrogen generation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Enhanced Charge Transport and Increased Active Sites on α-Fe <sub/>2</sub> O <sub/>3</sub> (110) Nanorod Surface Containing Oxygen Vacancies for Improved Solar Water Oxidation Performance
摘要： The e?ect of oxygen vacancies (VO) on α-Fe2O3 (110) facet on the performance of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is researched by both experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental results manifest that the enhancement in photocurrent density by the presence of VO is related with increased charge separation and charge-transfer e?ciencies. The electrochemical analysis reveals that the sample with VO demonstrates an enhanced carrier density and reduced charge-transfer resistance. The results of DFT calculation indicate that the better charge separation is also contributed by the decrease of potential on the VO surface, which improves the hole transport from the bulk to the surface. The reduced charge-transfer resistance is owing to the greatly increased number of active sites. The current study provides important insight into the roles of VO on α-Fe2O3 photoanode, especially on its surface catalysis. The generated lesson is also helpful for the improvement of other PEC photoanode materials.
关键词： oxygen vacancies,α-Fe2O3,photoelectrochemical water splitting,charge-transfer efficiencies,density functional theory,charge separation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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AIP Conference Proceedings [Author(s) PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2017 (ISCPMS2017) - Bali, Indonesia (26–27 July 2017)] - Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) as counter electrode in the newly developed catalysis zone of modified cadmium sulfide (CdS) sensitized solar cell for hydrogen production
摘要： Recently we developed a modified quantum dot dyes sensitized solar cell (QD-DSSC) having catalysis zone extension for hydrogen production. The DSSC section comprised of CdS sensitized highly order Titanium dioxidenanotube (CdS-HOTN) immobilized on Ti plate, Na2S/S containing electrolyte, and Pt covered SnO-F (fluorine doped tin oxide) glass plate (hence Pt/SnO-F/Glass). While the catalysis zone comprised of an extension of Ti support, as cathode, and the respected counter electrode was an extension of SnO-F glass, which was covered by BiVO4 film, both from respected DSSC section. In this presentation, we will focus on the role of the BiVO4 in our newly developed system. The bismuth vanadate was prepared by co-precipitation method with ammonia and calcination to obtain a fine powder. The BiVO4 fine powder were then deposited onto SnO-F glass plate and characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy, SEM and X-ray diffraction. The characterization results revealed that the BiVO4 film, typically, has a band gap of 2.35 eV, characteristic of IR peaks represent the –V-O-, and –Bi-O-V- bonds, having a crystal phase as BiVO4 monoclinic scheelite with a typically crystallite size of 74.06 nm. The photo-electro-chemical properties of the BiVO4 film photo-anode was investigated by a linear sweep voltammetry and multi pulse amperometry, which revealed that the current response under the visible light was 0.03 mA/cm2. Further investigation when the BiVO4 film was incorporated into the modified QD-DSSC, the system (catalysis zone section), under solely visible light, was able to split the water into hydrogen and molecular oxygen. A brief discussion of the newly developed modified QD-DSSC, especially on the role of BiVO4 counter electrode in the catalysis zone will be presented, to gain a better insight in our new type artificial photosynthesis.
关键词： water splitting,titanium dioxide nanotubes,cadmium sulfide,artificial photosynthesis,modified dyes sensitized solar cell,Bismuth vanadate
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Pseudomorphic Transformation of Interpenetrated Prussian Blue Analogs into Defective Nickel Iron Selenides for Enhanced Electrochemical and Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting
摘要： A significant methodology gap remains in the construction of advanced electrocatalysts, which has collaborative defective functionalities and structural coherence that maximizes electrochemical redox activity, electrical conductivity, and mass transport characteristics. Here, a coordinative self-templated pseudomorphic transformation of an interpenetrated metal organic compound network is conceptualized into a defect-rich porous framework that delivers highly reactive and durable photo(electro)chemical energy conversion functionalities. The coordinative-template approach enables previously inaccessible synthesis routes to rationally accomplish an interconnected porous conductive network at the microscopic level, while exposing copious unsaturated reactive sites at the atomic level without electronic or structural integrity trade-offs. Consequently, porous framework, interconnected motifs, and engineered defects endow remarkable electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction activity due to intrinsically improved turnover frequency, electrochemical surface area, and charge transfer. Moreover, when the hybrid is coupled with a silicon photocathode for solar-driven water splitting, it enables photon assisted redox reactions, improved charge separation, and enhanced carrier transport via the built-in heterojunction and additive co-catalyst functionality, leading to a promising photo(electro)chemical hydrogen generation performance. This work signifies a viable and generic approach to prepare other functional interconnected metal organic coordinated compounds, which can be exploited for diverse energy storage, conversion, or environmental applications.
关键词： MOF,PBA,electrochemical and PEC water splitting,metal-organic
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Control of Spatially Homogeneous Distribution of Heteroatoms to Produce Red TiO2 Photocatalyst for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Water Splitting
摘要： The strong band-to-band absorption of photocatalysts spanning the whole visible light region (400-700 nm) is critically important for solar-driven photocatalysis. Although it is actively and widely used as photocatalyst for various reactions in the past four decades, TiO2 has a very poor ability to capture the whole-spectrum visible light. Here, by controlling the spatially homogeneous distribution of boron and nitrogen heteroatoms in anatase TiO2 microspheres with a predominance of high-energy {001} facets, a strong visible light absorption spectrum with a sharp edge beyond 680 nm is achieved. The red TiO2 with the homogeneous doping of boron and nitrogen obtained shows no increase in defects like Ti3+ that are commonly observed in doped TiO2. More importantly, it has the ability to induce photocatalytic water oxidation to produce oxygen under the irradiation of visible light beyond 550 nm and also photocatalytic reducing water to produce hydrogen under visible light. These results demonstrate the great promise of using the red TiO2 for visible light photocatalytic water splitting and also provide an attractive strategy for realizing the wide-spectrum visible light absorption of wide-bandgap oxide photocatalysts.
关键词： Titanium Dioxide,Photocatalysis,Water Splitting,Homogeneous Doping,Visible Light
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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CuO/ZnO Heterojunction Nanoarrays for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
摘要： Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers a promising route for producing chemical energy from abundant solar energy, but a bottleneck remains for PEC practical applications because of the lack of efficient, stable and earth-abundant photoelectrodes. Here, we report simultaneous improvements in carrier separation and light harvesting by constructing p-n heterojunctions in CuO/ZnO nanorod arrays. The novelty of this work is developing a new strategy for preparing a CuO/ZnO p-n heterojunction photoanode for PEC water splitting, in which Cu(OH)2/ZnO is first prepared by a chemical solution strategy and then transformed into CuO/ZnO by annealing. The CuO/ZnO heterojunction photoanode exhibited a significant negative shift of 150 mV for the onset potential and an approximately 4-fold enhancement in the photocurrent at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) compared with those of pristine ZnO NRs. This work offers a facile strategy for preparing oxide-based p-n heterojunction photoanodes for enhanced PEC water splitting.
关键词： Water Splitting,Light Absorption,Photoelectrochemical (PEC),Heterojunction,Photoanode,P-N Junction
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Fabrication of Robust Nanostructured (Zr)BiVO4/Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Core/Shell Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting
摘要： A highly conformal 10-15 nm layer of NiFe based Prussian blue co-catalyst is coated on BiVO4 electrodes. The coating boosted the photocurrent of BiVO4 electrodes by 10-fold to 3.23 mA/cm2. A low onset potential of 0.2 V and photo-corrosion inhibition for > 50 hours are also achieved.
关键词： Prussian blue,bismuth vanadate,solar water splitting,oxygen evolution catalyst
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Charge transportation at cascade energy structure interfaces of CuInxGa1-xSeyS2-y/CdS/ZnS for spontaneous water splitting
摘要： A photoelectrode has to generate high enough photovoltage by efficient charge separation spontaneously to split water. In this study, cascade band structures with CdS and ZnS applied to CuInxGa1-xSeyS2-y (CIGS) photoelectrode of water splitting. The morphology, the electronic and the chemical state of CIGS heterojunction films have been characterized by a scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The CIGS/CdS/ZnS photocathode shows ~400 mV anodic shift of onset potential and 0.028% efficiency for solar to hydrogen conversion when it couples with a WO3/BiVO4/Co-Pi photoanode for water splitting without external bias potential.
关键词： Photoelectrochemical cell,water splitting,CdS,CIGS,ZnS
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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A novel growth control of nanoplates WO3 photoanodes with dual oxygen and tungsten vacancies for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting performance
摘要： Recently, there has been attractive attention over the defect-engineering where the optimum extent of oxygen deficiency has been considered as an effective route towards enhancing the solar-driven water oxidation photocurrent. In this study, a nanoplate-like tungsten oxide with dual oxygen and tungsten vacancies (WO3-x) was successfully fabricated on tungsten foil by acid-mediated hydrothermal treatment to highly improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of WO3-x photoanode. Thermal annealing at 550 °C in air led to an oxygen deficient surface with a sub-stoichiometric by phase transformation from orthorhombic WO3·.nH2O to γ-monoclinic. However, the optimum number of oxygen vacancies in WO3-x fabricated at 2 h (W-2 h) with compact, porous and uniform nanoplate film that provide a large surface area for efficient charge collecting capability, caused an enhanced photocurrent density of 4.12 mA/cm2 (41.2 mA/W) at 1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, as compared to W-3 h (2.59 mA/cm2, or 25.9 mA/W) and W-30 min (1.79 mA/cm2 or 17.9 mA/W). Finally, local variations in dual oxygen and tungsten vacancies and in the electronic band structure of a WO3-x thin film was analyzed with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS).
关键词： Photoelectrocatalytic,Water splitting,Growth control,Oxygen and tungsten vacancies,Nanoplates,WO3-X
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21