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Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy to Discriminate among Water Contamination Levels in Diesel Engine Oil
摘要： Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 THz was evaluated for discriminating among water contamination levels (0%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) in diesel engine oil (SAE 15W-40). The absorption coefficient demonstrated potential to discriminate among the three water contamination levels with significant differences among all three levels across the 1.111 to 1.332 THz and 1.669 to 1.934 THz ranges. At each of these frequency ranges, each water contamination level was significantly different from the other two. The 0% water contamination level had the lowest absorption coefficient, while 0.2% water had the highest absorption coefficient. The refractive index demonstrated greater potential to discriminate among water contamination levels with significant differences among all three water levels across the 0.5 to 1.5 THz range. The refractive index of 0% water was the lowest and 0.2% water was the highest across the THz range. Linear regression analysis of the refractive index as a predictor of water contamination level yielded a highly significant equation (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 0.01) when using the refractive indices at 0.5 THz. The refractive indices of these oil samples were promising for discrimination of water contamination. THz spectroscopy should be evaluated for discriminating other engine oil contaminants.
关键词： Terahertz spectroscopy,Diesel,Engine oil,Water contamination
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Potential, optimization and sensitivity analysis of photovoltaic-diesel-battery hybrid energy system for rural electrification in Algeria
摘要： Integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) as an electrification solution can enhance the rural electrification situation in Algeria's predominantly remote Saharan regions, where diesel generators are used to provide very basic and limited electricity service. The exploitation of such a solution requires a sustainable, optimized HRES design. This paper presents a methodology both to optimize and to perform a sensitivity analysis of an autonomous hybrid PV-diesel-battery energy system. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and ε-constraint method were used to simultaneously minimize total system cost, unmet load, and CO2 emissions. One optimal solution was chosen among the solutions set and analyzed. The remote Saharan village of Tiberkatine, province of Tamanrasset in southern Algeria was considered as a case study. The hybrid system supplied the energy demand of 20 households. It was found that the optimal solution can supply energy without unmet load, the minimum cost of energy COE is 0.37 $/kWh with 93% renewable fraction. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the optimal system to study the impact of three parameters (load consumption, εCO2, and εLLP constraints) on the system behavior. Finally, a comparative analysis between PSO and HOMER was performed, it was found that the PSO based approach is more cost effective with more PV penetration than HOMER.
关键词： Photovoltaic,Diesel,PSO optimization,Rural electrification,Hybrid renewable energy system
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14