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Building Intermixed Donor-Acceptor Architectures for Water-Processable Organic Photovoltaics
摘要： A modified synthesis method for aqueous nanoparticle printing inks, based upon vacuum-assisted solvent removal, is reported. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) : phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester nanoparticle inks were prepared via this modified miniemulsion method; leading to both an improvement in photoactive layer morphology and a substantial reduction in the ink fabrication time. A combination of UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy measurements revealed a nanoparticle morphology comprised of highly intermixed donor-acceptor domains. Consistent with these measurements, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of the nanoparticles showed a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 104 °C, rather than a pure polymer phase or pure fullerene phase Tg. Together the spectroscopy, microscopy and thermomechanical data indicate that rapid solvent removal generates a more blended nanoparticle morphology. As such, this study highlights a new experimental lever for optimising nanostructure in the photoactive layer of nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic devices by enabling highly intermixed donor-acceptor architectures to be built from customised nanoparticulate inks.
关键词： organic photovoltaic,scanning transmission X-ray microscopy,morphology,colloidal inks,exciton dissociation,Nanostructure,eco-friendly processing
更新于2025-11-19 16:46:39
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Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of <i>Paeonia emodi</i> mediated silver oxide nanoparticles
摘要： Green synthesis of nanomaterials and its verity of applications have linked chemistry, biotechnology and environmental chemistry. Green process get more attention due to its easy handling and inertness to ecosystem. The selection of green synthesis and silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) are purely based on its nontoxic behavior and promising activates. Eco-friendly process was applied for the synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) using Paeonia emodi (P. emodi) fresh leaves extract as reducing agent. The average crystallite size was found to be 38.29 nm, calculated from the FWHM of the diffraction bands of X-rays diffractometer (XRD). The morphological study was made by performing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the particles size estimated from the micrographs of both techniques are 38.29 and 86.4 nm respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to study the purity and percent composition of the Ag2O NPs. The band gap energy (4.02 eV) and surface functional groups was studied by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The 97.78% methylene blue (MB) was degraded in the presence of Ag2O NPs and UV-Visible light source in 180 min. The antibacterial activity of the Ag2O NPs were tested against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria. It was found that the Ag2O NPs have strong growth inhibiting activity against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria.
关键词： Photocatalytic degradation,Methylene blue,Eco-friendly,Antibacterial Activity,Silver oxide,Leaves extract
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Eco-friendly highly sensitive transducers based on a new KNN-NTK-FM lead-free piezoelectric ceramic for high-frequency biomedical ultrasonic imaging applications
摘要： High-frequency ultrasonic imaging with improved spatial resolution has gained increasing attention in the field of biomedical imaging. Sensitivity of transducers plays a pivotal role in determining ultrasonic image quality. Conventional ultrasonic transducers are mostly made from lead-based piezoelectric materials that may be harmful to the human body and the environment. In this study, a new (K,Na)NbO3-KTiNbO5-BaZrO3-Fe2O3-MgO (KNN-NTK-FM) lead-free piezoelectric ceramic was utilized in developing eco-friendly transducers for high-frequency biomedical ultrasonic imaging applications. A needle transducer with a small active aperture size of 0.45 × 0.55 mm2 was designed and evaluated. The transducer exhibits great performance with a high center frequency (52.6 MHz), a good electromechanical coupling (keff ~ 0.45), a large bandwidth (64.4% at -6 dB), and a very low two-way insertion loss (10.1 dB). Such high sensitivity is superior to those transducers based on other lead-free piezoelectric materials and can even be comparable to the lead-based ones. Imaging performance of the KNN-NTK-FM needle transducer was analyzed by imaging a wire phantom and an agar tissue-mimicking phantom. Imaging capabilities of the transducer were further demonstrated by ex vivo imaging studies on a porcine eyeball and a rabbit aorta. The results suggest that the KNN-NTK-FM piezoceramic has many attractive properties over other lead-free piezoelectric materials in developing eco-friendly highly sensitive transducers for high-frequency biomedical ultrasonic imaging applications.
关键词： lead-free piezoelectric ceramic,Biomedical ultrasonic imaging,high-frequency ultrasonic transducer,eco-friendly
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Effects of non-halogenated solvent on the main properties of a solution-processed polymeric thin film for photovoltaic applications: a computational study
摘要： Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices reached high solar conversion efficiencies but they are usually processed using halogenated toxic solvents. Hence, before OPV devices can be mass-produced by industrial processing, it would be desirable to replace those solvents with eco-friendly ones. Theoretical tools may be then a powerful ally in the search for those new solvents. In order to better understand the mechanisms behind the interaction between solvent and polymer, classical molecular dynamics (MD) calculations was used to produce a thin film of poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-2,6-diyl3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl (PTB7-Th), processed using two different solvents. The PTB7-Th is widely applied as a donor material in OPVs. The first solvent is the ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), which is a highly toxic solvent widely used in lab-scale studies. The second solvent is the ortho-methylanisole (o-MA), which is an eco-friendly solvent for organic photovoltaic (OPV) manufacturing. Here we use a solvent evaporation protocol to simulate the formation of the PTB7-Th film. We demonstrate that our theoretical MD calculations were able to capture some differences in macroscopic properties of thin films formed by o-DCB or o-MA evaporation. We found that the interaction of the halogenated solvent with the polymer tends to break the bonds between the lateral thiophenediyl groups and the main chain. We show that those defects may create traps that can affect the charge transport and also can be responsible for a blue shift in the absorption spectrum. Using the Monte Carlo method, we also verified the influence of the resulting MD morphology on the mobility of holes. Our theoretical results showed a good agreement with the experimental measurements and both demonstrate that o-MA can be used to make polymer thin films without any loss of key properties for the device performance. The findings here highlights the importance of theoretical results as a guide to the morphological optimization of green processed polymeric films.
关键词： Solvent evaporation,PTB7-Th,Molecular dynamics,Organic photovoltaic,Halogenated solvents,Eco-friendly solvents,Hole mobility
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Over 14% Efficiency Folding-Flexible ITO-free Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Eco-friendly Acid-Processed Electrodes
摘要： Environment-friendly manufacturing and mechanical robustness are imperative for commercialization of flexible OSCs as green-energy source, especially in portable and wearable self-powered flexible electronics. Although, the commonly adopted PEDOT:PSS electrodes that are treated with severely corrosive and harmful acid lack foldability. Herein, efficient folding-flexible OSCs with highly conductive and foldable PEDOT:PSS electrodes processed with eco-friendly cost-effective acid and polyhydroxy compound are demonstrated. The acid treatment endows PEDOT:PSS electrodes with high conductivity. Meanwhile, polyhydroxy compound doping contributes to excellent bending flexibility and foldability due to the better film adhesion between PEDOT:PSS and PET substrate. Accordingly, folding-flexible OSCs with high efficiency of 14.17% were achieved. After 1,000 bending or folding cycles, the device retained over 90% or 80% of its initial efficiency, respectively. These results represent one of the best performances for ITO-free flexible OSC reported so far and demonstrate a novel approach toward commercialized efficient and foldable green-processed OSCs.
关键词： high efficiency,flexible organic solar cells,foldability,PEDOT:PSS,eco-friendly acid
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Upconverting carbon quantum dots: An eco-friendly material for light energy harvesting and bio-imaging
摘要： Eco-friendly carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are finding many applications in the field of chemical sensing, photocatalytic applications, photovoltaic applications, bio-imaging, etc. Herein, CQDs are grown via a cost-effective manner, where the lemon and onion extracts are used as the reaction precursors. Formed CQDs are characterized using electronic spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The emission yield of the present CQDs is found to be 11.2%. In contrast to general fluorophores/ semiconductors, this material showed an upconverting photoluminescence. Upon exciting with a lower energy continuous wave light of 695 nm, we observed an upconverted emission centered at 438 nm. For upconversion, as the excitation wavelength is at the lower energy, the photodecomposition of the material will be minimum. This will increase the efficiency and the lifetime of the light harvesting devices as the photodecomposition is minimum at lower wavelengths. Also, upconverting CQDs can be a potential candidate for the bio-imaging applications as the light induced decomposition of the biological samples will be minimum.
关键词： Eco-friendly material,Carbon quantum dots,Light harvesting applications,Upconversion
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Eco-friendly synthesis of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) by direct arylation polymerization: Analysis of the properties that determine its performance in BHJ solar cells
摘要： A series of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophenes) (rr-P3HTs) was synthetized by optimizing an eco-friendly Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) method, using as novel strategy, a gradual catalyst addition and temperature reaction increase improving P3HT quality. The polymers were analyzed and tested in organic solar cells (OSCs) in order to correlate the P3HTs properties with the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Results revealed that the best PCEs (3.6 and 3.4 %) were reached with P3HTs of the highest RR (94 and 93 % HT), with the lowest molecular weight (5.1 and 4.9 kDa) and, as X-ray diffraction in films and 2D-GIWAXS results endorse, with an edge-on orientation over the substrate, the largest size crystal and the highest Bragg’s peaks, this latter feature could be the most effective reason to obtain the best PCEs. Theoretical calculations helped to understand how specific P3HT crystalline arrangements in the active layer favors the PCE.
关键词： X-ray diffraction,Poly(3-hexylthiophene),organic solar cells,eco-friendly direct heteroarylation polymerization
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Keratin Film as Natural and Eco‐Friendly Support for Organic Optoelectronic Devices
摘要： This work describes the preparation of a novel substrate based on keratin extracted from wool and its application as potential support for solution-processed organic solar cells. Optically transparent, free-standing, and resistant keratin films are successfully prepared, starting from water solution, and characterized in terms of morphology, structure, thermal and mechanical properties. The effect of solvents and thermal annealing is also investigated in order to mimic and evaluate the impact of the processing conditions used for devices fabrication. Thermally annealed keratin films exhibit enhanced optical transparency (>87%) in the visible region of the spectrum, a transition from α-helix to β-sheet and turn structures, improved thermal stability and Young’s modulus. The good transparency, flatness, and resistance of as-cast substrates allow the successful preparation of organic solar cells. Photovoltaic performances similar to those reported for other natural/biobased supports are achieved, confirming the potential of keratin film as an alternative and promising support material for eco-friendly, fully printable, sustainable, and inexpensive optoelectronic devices.
关键词： natural support,optoelectronic devices,eco-friendly systems,keratin film,solution processing
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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An Alkoxya??Solubilizing Decacyclic Electron Acceptor for Efficient Ecoa??Friendly Asa??Cast Bladea??Coated Organic Solar Cells
摘要： The rapid development of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on non-fullerene acceptors has achieved significant breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of spin coated devices. However, spin coating method in a protective atmosphere seems unsuitable for the practical scalable coating and eco-friendly manufacturing approaches are necessary to be developed for printing of high-performance solar panels. In addition, the use of highly toxic solvents is also a stumbling block to the commercial application of OSCs. Thus, the photoactive materials for scalable coating and eco-friendly scalable fabrication methods, and it is still a challenge that transition from the existing cutting-edge performance OSCs to eco-environment blade coated devices. Herein, a fused ring electron acceptor named as F10IC2 bearing a decacycle core and solubilizing alkoxyl side chains was synthesized and applied in as-cast blade coated OSCs by blending with polymer donor PTB7-Th. As-cast OSCs based on PTB7-Th: F10IC2 blended films fabricated from chlorobenzene (CB) or chlorine-free o-xylene (XY) solvents in air without any post-treatment, delivered a PCE of 12.5% and 11.4%, respectively, which are among the highest values reported for as-cast blade-coated OSCs. This study provides a strategy of alkoxyl solubilizing to design the high-performance material system for eco-friendly scalable OSCs, which is suitable for the future industrial production.
关键词： Eco-friendly,Blade-coating,Organic solar cell,Fused-ring electron acceptor
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Removal characteristics of shop-primer paint by laser energy density in Q-switching fiber laser cleaning
摘要： In this study, we performed laser cleaning using a Q-switching ?ber laser to remove the shop-primer paint and the oxide layer. An analysis of the surface cleaned by laser was carried out at various energy densities. The results showed that the oxide layer on the steel surface was not removed at a relatively low energy density, whereas the base metal was damaged under excessive energy density. We con?rmed that it was essential to select an appropriate energy density for e?ciently removing only the paint and the oxide layer without damaging the base metal in laser cleaning.
关键词： eco-friendly technology,Laser cleaning process,laser cleaning e?ciency
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59