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Manufacturing of All Inkjet-Printed Organic Photovoltaic Cell Arrays and Evaluating their Suitability for Flexible Electronics
摘要： The generation of electrical energy depending on renewable sources is rapidly growing and gaining serious attention due to its green sustainability. With fewer adverse impacts on the environment, the sun is considered as a nearly infinite source of renewable energy in the production of electrical energy using photovoltaic devices. On the other end, organic photovoltaic (OPV) is the class of solar cells that offers several advantages such as mechanical flexibility, solution processability, environmental friendliness, and being lightweight. In this research, we demonstrate the manufacturing route for printed OPV device arrays based on conventional architecture and using inkjet printing technology over an industrial platform. Inkjet technology is presently considered to be one of the most matured digital manufacturing technologies because it offers inherent additive nature and last stage customization flexibility (if the main goal is to obtain custom design devices). In this research paper, commercially available electronically functional inks were carefully selected and then implemented to show the importance of compatibility between OPV material stacks and the device architecture. One of the main outcomes of this work is that the manufacturing of the OPV devices was accomplished using inkjet technology in massive numbers ranging up to 1500 containing different device sizes, all of which were deposited on a flexible polymeric film and under normal atmospheric conditions. In this investigation, it was found that with a set of correct functional materials and architecture, a manufacturing yield of more than 85% could be accomplished, which would reflect high manufacturing repeatability, deposition accuracy, and processability of the inkjet technology.
关键词： inkjet technology,flexible electronics,organic photovoltaics,Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) free solar cells
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Dynamically Switching the Electronic and Electrostatic Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes with Photochromic Monolayers: Toward Photo-Switchable Optoelectronic Devices
摘要： The chemical modification of electrodes with organic materials is a common approach to tune the electronic and electrostatic landscape between interlayers in optoelectronic devices, thus facilitating charge injection at the electrode/semiconductor interfaces and improving their performance. The use of photochromic molecules for the surface modification allows dynamic control of the electronic and electrostatic properties of the electrode and thereby enables additional functionalities in such devices. Here, we show that the electronic properties of a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode are reversibly and dynamically modified by depositing organic photochromic switches (diarylethenes) in the form of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By combining a range of surface characterization and density functional theory calculations, we present a detailed picture of the SAM binding onto ITO, the packing density of molecules, their orientation, as well as the work function modification of the ITO surface due to the SAM deposition. Upon illumination with ultraviolet and green light, we observe a reversible shift of the frontier occupied levels by 0.7 eV, and concomitantly a reversible work function change of ca. 60 meV. Our results prove the viability of dynamic switching of the electronic properties of the electrode with external light stimuli upon modification with a monolayer of photochromic molecules, which could be used to fabricate ITO-based photo-switchable optoelectronic devices.
关键词： self-assembled monolayer,diarylethene,ITO,photochromic switch,interface electronic properties
更新于2025-11-14 14:32:36
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Laser damage characteristics of indium-tin-oxide film and polyimide film
摘要： This report focuses on the damage characteristics of the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer and the polyimide (PI) layer, which are two constituent components of a LCD. This investigation is different from the previous study, in which the alignment layer was deposited directly on a glass substrate. The PI alignment layer is pinned on the ITO film to imitate the structure of the LCD as much as possible in our current study. The damage process of the ITO/Glass sample involves melting, vaporization near the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), and removal at a higher fluence. However, the damage process of the PI/ITO/Glass sample involves thermally induced plastic deformation, followed by cooling when the irradiation fluence is near the LIDT, and rupture when the irradiation fluence is higher. The LIDTs of the PI/ITO/Glass samples, as determined by the on-line CCD detection technique, are higher than those of the ITO/Glass samples. The favorable mechanical properties of the PI are primarily responsible for this result.
关键词： PI film,ITO film,near-infrared laser damage
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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Nanostructured Transparent Conductive Electrodes for Applications in Harsh Environments Fabricated via Nanosecond Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) in Indium–Tin Oxide Films on Glass
摘要： A self-organization phenomenon named laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) is utilized for pattern formation in indium–tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive films coated on borosilicate glass. Stripe patterns with periodicities down to 175 nm are created by scanning the focused beam (30 μm spot diameter 1 e?2) of a nanosecond pulsed laser operating at 532 nm wavelength over ITO films. Highly ordered ITO-LIPSS are generated at a pulse duration of 6 ns, pulse frequencies between 100 and 200 kHz, pulse energies around 20 μJ, and laser spot scan speeds in the range of 50–80 mm s?1. Resulting nanopatterns are electrically conductive and feature improved optical transparency as well as stability against strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and even aqua regia. The formation of mixed phases between ITO and silicon is considered to be the origin for the chemical robustness of laser patterned transparent conductive electrodes.
关键词： laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS),laser patterning,self-organization,indium–tin oxide (ITO),transparent conductive films (TCF)
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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Flexible all-organic photorefractive devices
摘要： The objective of the present study is to demonstrate and evaluate the photorefractive (PR) performance of an all-organic PR device with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified organic conductive electrode of PEDOT:PSS coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The PR composite consisted of a triphenylamine-based photoconductive polymer: poly(4-(diphenylamino)benzylacrylate) (PDAA), triphenylamine photoconductive plasticizer: (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol (TPAOH), nonlinear optical dye based on aminocyanostyrene: (4-asacycloheptylbenzylidenemalononitrile) (7-DCST), and soluble fullerene: [6, 6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid-methyl ester (PCBM). For comparison with the all-organic PR device, the PR performances using PET/ITO, glass/ITO, and glass/PEDOT:PSS substrates were also evaluated. The PR performance at an applied electric field of 40 V μm-1: diffraction efficiency and the response time of the PR device using PET/PEDOT:PSS-SAM substrate were 21.9%, and 390 ms, respectively. As a result of repeating bending test on this all-organic PR device, we found that the flexible PR device with PET/PEDOT:PSS-SAM substrate had a potential to withstand bending 10,000 times and revealed that the change in the haze value strongly influenced the degradation of PR performance.
关键词： All-organic,Photorefractive polymer,ITO-free device,PET substrate,PEDOT:PSS,Flexible
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of solvents on the self-assembly of long chain alkylphosphonic acids on indium tin oxide surface - In situ studies on the adsorption kinetics and electron transfer process
摘要： The spontaneous self-assembly process of phosphonic acids (PAs) onto indium tin oxide (ITO) surface has been studied in this work. We have carried out in situ adsorption kinetics studies of phosphonic acids in ethanol as a solvent using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Further, the effect of different solvents like ethanol, water, toluene and hexane on the structural integrity of the alkylphosphonic acid (CH3 (CH2)n PO3H2, n = 15,17) thin films on ITO surface has been investigated by using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe. From the study of formation kinetics, it is concluded that molecular self-assembly process follows two adsorption steps, a fast first step followed by a slower second step. The results of cyclic voltammetric (CV) and impedance measurements show that phosphonic acids form a highly impermeable surface film on ITO when polar solvents like ethanol and water are used.
关键词： self assembly,Adsorption Kinetics,microelectrode array,Contact Angle,Capacitance,ITO,Phosphonic acid
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanowires onto ITO Glass Using T-CVD
摘要： Tungsten oxide is an n-type semiconductor with interesting physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for various technological applications. Tungsten oxide nanowires were synthesized not only at low temperature but also without the use of any catalysts. The tungsten oxide nanowires were synthesized at 550 °C with tungsten layers onto the ITO glass using thermal chemical vapor deposition (T-CVD). The SEM image shows that the tungsten oxide nanowires are effectively grown with the 200 nm tungsten film. The Raman spectra shoulder at ~690 cm-1 proves the synthesized of tungsten oxide nanowires.
关键词： ITO glass,thermal chemical vapor deposition,Tungsten oxide nanowires
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Ultra-Rapid Crystallization of L-Alanine Using Monomode Microwaves, Indium Tin Oxide and Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization
摘要： The use of indium tin oxide (ITO) and focused monomode microwave heating for the ultra-rapid crystallization of L-alanine (a model amino acid) is reported. Commercially available ITO dots (< 5 mm) attached to blank poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA, 5 cm in diameter with 21-well silicon isolators: referred to as the iCrystal plates) were found to withstand prolonged microwave heating during crystallization experiments. Crystallization of L-alanine was performed at room temperature (a control experiment), with the use of two microwave sources: a 2.45 GHz conventional microwave (900 W, power level 1, a control experiment) and 8 GHz (20 W) solid state, monomode microwave source with an applicator tip that focuses the microwave field to a 5-mm cavity. Initial appearance of L-alanine crystals and on iCrystal plates with ITO dots took 47 ± 2.9 min, 12 ± 7.6 min and 1.5 ± 0.5 min at room temperature, using a conventional microwave and focused monomode microwave heating, respectively. Complete evaporation of the solvent using the focused microwaves was achieved in 3.2 ± 0.5 min, which is ~52-fold and ~172-fold faster than that observed at room temperature and using conventional microwave heating, respectively. The size and number of L-alanine crystals was dependent on the type of the 21-well iCrystal plates and the microwave heating method: 33 crystals of 585 ± 137 μm in size at room temperature > 37 crystals of 542 ± 100 μm in size with conventional microwave heating > 331 crystals of 311 ± 190 μm in size with focused monomode microwave. FTIR, optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the chemical composition and crystallinity of the L-alanine crystals did not change when exposed to microwave heating and ITO surfaces. In addition, theoretical simulations for the binding of L-alanine molecules to ITO and other metals showed the predicted nature of hydrogen bonds formed between L-alanine and these surfaces.
关键词： ITO,Microwave heating,Silver island films,Evaporative crystallization
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Indium tin oxide modified with dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles as efficient p-aminophenol redox cycling platforms
摘要： In this work, we studied indium tin oxides (ITOs) modified with dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt DENs) to develop efficient p-aminophenol (p-AP) redox cycling platforms. The ITO surfaces were modified via electro-oxidative grafting of the terminal amine groups of the dendrimers encapsulating catalytic Pt nanoparticles (i.e., Pt DENs). Compared to conventional ITO surfaces, the Pt DEN-modified ITOs showed highly enhanced electrochemical oxidation current of p-AP even at low potentials with no significant background oxidation current due to the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles, leading to high signal-to-background ratio for sensitive p-AP redox cycling. The enhanced p-AP redox cycling on the Pt DEN-modified ITOs led to ～17.8 times higher sensitivity of the p-AP redox cycling than that obtained with conventional ITOs. In addition, the Pt DEN-modified ITOs were found to be suitable as platforms for the immobilization of oligonucleotides due to the globular structure of dendrimers, which have a high surface-to-volume ratio and multiple terminal functional groups, grafted on ITO surfaces. The DEN-modified ITOs could be further functionalized by the immobilization of single-strand DNA oligonucleotides with high surface density (i.e., (2.2 ± 0.4) × 1012 molecules/cm2), which is ～4.4-fold higher than that on the surface of conventional ITOs.
关键词： Indium tin oxide (ITO),Amine-terminated dendrimer,p-aminophenol (p-AP) redox cycling,Dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticle (DEN)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Piezoelectric and ferroelectric characteristics of P(VDF-TrFE) thin films on Pt and ITO substrates
摘要： Organic P(VDF-TrFE) 70/30 copolymer thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(1 1 1) and ITO/glass substrates at 140 °C using a spin coater. Both P(VDF-TrFE) thin films exhibited ferroelectric β-phase crystallinity, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The polarization–electric hysteresis loops of the P(VDF-TrFE) thin films on the Pt and indium-tin-oxide substrates showed high remnant polarizations of 15.5 and 11.8 μC/cm2, respectively. Atomic force microscopy characterization showed rod-like features of the P(VDF-TrFE) thin films on both substrates, where larger rod diameters were observed on the Pt substrate compared to those fabricated on the ITO substrate. Piezoelectric force microscopy measurements further confirmed the superior piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of the P(VDF-TrFE) thin films on the Pt substrate compared to those on the ITO substrate, which arose from the increased diameter of the rod-like features.
关键词： Piezoelectricity,Ferroelectricity,P(VDF-TrFE) thin film,ITO substrate,Pt substrate
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29