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Submicron laser-textured vents for self-cleaning injection molds
摘要： Clogging of venting slots in injection molds is a common maintenance problem caused by the degradation and the accumulation of gaseous and volatiles by-products of polymer melting. In this work, the effect of laser-induced periodic surface structures on the self-cleaning properties of venting slots is investigated. The degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) over different surfaces is characterized by reproducing the mechanisms that occurs in mold cavities when the air is pushed through the venting channel. An imaging technique is developed for the quantification of the sediment that deposits on sample surfaces due to condensation of by-products of PET melting. The experimental results indicate that the use of a multiscale texture minimizes the deposition of residues on the vent surface reducing it from 17.2 to 3.1%. A linear dependency between contact angle and clogging ratio indicates the efficacy of the model that explains vent self-cleaning properties considering their wetting properties.
关键词： applications,surfaces and interfaces,thermoplastics
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[ACM Press the 2018 ACM Symposium - Warsaw, Poland (2018.06.14-2018.06.17)] Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications - ETRA '18 - Hands-free web browsing
摘要： Hands-free browsers provide an effective tool for Web interaction and accessibility, overcoming the need for conventional input sources. Current approaches to hands-free interaction are primarily categorized in either voice or gaze-based modality. In this work, we investigate how these two modalities could be integrated to provide a better hands-free experience for end-users. We demonstrate a multimodal browsing approach combining eye gaze and voice inputs for optimized interaction, and to suffice user preferences with unimodal benefits. The initial assessment with five participants indicates improved performance for the multimodal prototype in comparison to single modalities for hands-free Web browsing.
关键词： voice input,Web accessibility,speech commands,multimodal interfaces,eye tracking,Hands-free interaction
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Rapid Scalable Processing of Tin Oxide Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite solar cell materials is critical to enable the commercialisation of this nascent technology. Herein, we investigate the use and processing of nanoparticle SnO2 films as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells, and develop deposition methods for ultrasonic spray-coating and slot-die coating, leading to photovoltaic device efficiencies over 19%. The effects of post-processing treatments (thermal annealing, UV ozone and O2 plasma) are then probed using structural and spectroscopic techniques to characterise the nature of the np-SnO2/perovskite interface. We show that a brief ‘hot air flow’ method can be used to replace an extended thermal anneal, confirming that this approach is compatible with high-throughput processing. Our results highlight the importance of interface management to minimise nonradiative losses, as well as providing a deeper understanding of the processing requirements for large area deposition of nanoparticle metal oxides.
关键词： spray-coating,interfaces,SnO2,perovskite solar cells,scalable processing,tin oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Tackling Performance Challenges in Organic Photovoltaics: An Overview about Compatibilizers
摘要： Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) based on Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) blends are a mature technology. Having started their intensive development two decades ago, their low cost, processability and flexibility rapidly funneled the interest of the scientific community, searching for new solutions to expand solar photovoltaics market and promote sustainable development. However, their robust implementation is hampered by some issues, concerning the choice of the donor/acceptor materials, the device thermal/photo-stability, and, last but not least, their morphology. Indeed, the morphological profile of BHJs has a strong impact over charge generation, collection, and recombination processes; control over nano/microstructural morphology would be desirable, aiming at finely tuning the device performance and overcoming those previously mentioned critical issues. The employ of compatibilizers has emerged as a promising, economically sustainable, and widely applicable approach for the donor/acceptor interface (D/A-I) optimization. Thus, improvements in the global performance of the devices can be achieved without making use of more complex architectures. Even though several materials have been deeply documented and reported as effective compatibilizing agents, scientific reports are quite fragmentary. Here we would like to offer a panoramic overview of the literature on compatibilizers, focusing on the progression documented in the last decade.
关键词： mixing interfaces,additives,bulk heterojunction,morphology modulators,donor/acceptor interface,organic photovoltaics,compatibilizers
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Insights into Interfaces, Stability, Electronic Properties, and Catalytic Activities of Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters from First Principles
摘要： Atomically precise, ligand-protected metal nanoclusters are of great interest for their well-defined structures, intriguing physicochemical properties, and potential applications in catalysis, biology, and nanotechnology. Their structure precision provides many opportunities to correlate their geometries, stability, electronic properties, and catalytic activities by closely integrating theory and experiment. In this Account, we highlight recent theoretical advances from our efforts to understand the metal?ligand interfaces, the energy landscape, the electronic structure and optical absorption, and the catalytic applications of atomically precise metal nanoclusters. We mainly focus on gold nanoclusters. The bonding motifs and energetics at the gold?ligand interfaces are two main interests from a computational perspective. For the gold?thiolate interface, the ?RS?Au?SR? staple motif is not always preferred; in fact, the bridging motif (?SR?) is preferred at the more open facets such as Au(100) and Au(110). This finding helps understand the diversity of the gold?thiolate motifs for different core geometries and sizes. A great similarity is demonstrated between gold?thiolate and gold?alkynyl interfaces, regarding formation of the staple-type motifs with PhC≡C? as an example. In addition, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) without bulky groups also form the staple-type motif. Alkynyls and bulky NHCs have the strongest binding with the gold surface from comparing 27 ligands of six types, suggesting a potential to synthesize NHC-protected gold clusters. The energy landscape of nanosystems is usually complex, but experimental progress in synthesizing clusters of the same Au?S composition with different R groups and isomers of the same Aun(SR)m formula have made detailed theoretical analyses of energetic contributions possible. Ligand?ligand interactions turn out to play an important role in the cluster stability, while metastable isomers can be obtained via kinetic control. Although the superatom-complex theory is the starting point to understand the electronic structure of atomically precise gold clusters, other factors also greatly affect the orbital levels that manifest themselves in the experimental optical absorption spectra. For example, spin?orbit coupling needs to be included to reproduce the splitting of the HOMO?LUMO transition observed experimentally for Au25(SR)18?, the poster child of the family. In addition, doping can lead to structural changes and charge states that do not follow the superatomic electron count. Atomically precise metal nanoclusters are an ideal system for understanding nanocatalysis due to their well-defined structures. Active sites and catalytic mechanisms are explored for selective hydrogenation and hydrogen evolution on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters with and without dopants. The behavior of H in nanogold is analyzed in detail, and the most promising site to attract H is found to be coordinately unsaturated Au atoms. Many insights have been gained from first-principles studies of atomically precise, ligand-protected gold nanoclusters. Interesting and important questions remaining to be addressed are pointed out in the end.
关键词： atomically precise metal nanoclusters,gold nanoclusters,catalytic activities,first principles,metal?ligand interfaces,electronic properties
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) - Bucharest (2018.7.1-2018.7.5)] 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) - Overview of South-Bound Interfaces for Software-Defined Optical Networks
摘要： In SDN-enabled networks, the control plane and data plane interaction relies on open SouthBound Interfaces (SBIs) so that the SDN controller exercises direct control over the data plane elements. In this paper, we review current initiatives of SBI to control optical components which include ad-hoc extensions of OpenFlow and YANG modelling proposals combined with the NETCONF / RESTCONF protocols. Then we overview different tools and frameworks available for quick prototyping and deployment of software services that are compliant with such interfaces. Finally, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed initiatives considered key enablers for standardized end-to-end network programmability.
关键词： optical networks,software defined networking,programmatic interfaces
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 16th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2019 International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS) - Shenzhen, China (2019.11.25-2019.11.27)] 2019 16th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2019 International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS) - Review of High Power Phosphor-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes
摘要： The Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) is an emerging data standard for representing synthetic biology designs. The goal of SBOL is to improve the reproducibility of these designs and their electronic exchange between researchers and/or genetic design automation tools. The latest version of the standard, SBOL 2.0, enables the annotation of a large variety of biological components (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins, complexes, small molecules, etc.) and their interactions. SBOL 2.0 also allows researchers to organize components into hierarchical modules, to specify their intended functions, and to link modules to models that describe their behavior mathematically. To support the use of SBOL 2.0, we have developed the libSBOLj 2.0 Java library, which provides an easy to use Application Programming Interface (API) for developers, including manipulation of SBOL constructs, serialization to and from an RDF/XML file format, and migration support in the form of conversion from the prior SBOL 1.1 standard to SBOL 2.0. This letter describes the libSBOLj 2.0 library and key engineering decisions involved in its design.
关键词： software tools,synthetic biology,computational biology,Application programming interfaces,software libraries
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Thickness-dependent hole-blocking capability of RF-sputtered nickel oxide compact layers in dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Photo-generated charge carrier recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is observed to be suppressed significantly at the interface between transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) by coating nickel oxide (NiO) thin film by RF sputtering. UV-Visible optical absorption spectroscopic measurements performed in the wavelength window of 300–800 nm showed ~ 60% average transmittance for NiO thin films coated for 10 min. The calculated optical bandgap value for NiO was 3.4 eV. The RF-sputtered NiO films were thoroughly characterized by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy to examine Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 along with O 1s. The present study assessed the effect of 5, 10, and 15 min RF-sputtered NiO thin films at the interface between FTO and mesoporous TiO2. Results showed that charge transport in DSSCs is highly sensitive to NiO thickness at the interface between FTO and TiO2. It was specifically noticed that 10 min coating of NiO on FTO yielded DSSCs with photo-conversion efficiency (η) of ~ 6.8% while DSSCs with no NiO on FTO showed only 4.9%. Further increase in NiO thickness affected the performance of DSSCs due to the significant reduction in tunneling probability from TiO2 to FTO.
关键词： Interfaces,Recombination,Nickel oxide,Charge transport,Dye-sensitized solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Photoresponsive Structured Liquids Enabled by Molecular Recognition at Liquida??Liquid Interfaces
摘要： Using the host-guest molecular recognition at the oil-water interface, a new-type photo-responsive nanoparticle surfactant (NPS), is designed and prepared to structure liquids. With the help of a polymeric surfactant, the interfacial host-guest interactions can be significantly enhanced, leading to a rapid formation and assembly of a NP monolayer, and offering sufficient binding energy to hold the NPs in a jammed state. The assembly of the NPSs can be reversibly manipulated via a photo-switchable jamming to unjamming transition, endowing the interface, as well as the macroscopic assemblies, with responsiveness to the external trigger (photons). This study, for the first time, opens the pathway for the construction of multi-responsive, structured all-liquid systems by introducing host?guest chemistry, showing promising potential applications in encapsulation, delivery systems, and unique microfluidic devices.
关键词： self-assembly,liquid-liquid interfaces,host-guest chemistry,Structured liquid,nanoparticle surfactants
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Hidden isolated OH at the charged hydrophobic interface revealed by two-dimensional heterodyne-detected VSFG spectroscopy
摘要： Water around the hydrophobic groups mediates hydrophobic interaction that plays key roles in many chemical and biological processes. Thus, molecular-level elucidation of the properties of the water in the vicinity of the hydrophobic group is important. We report on the structure and dynamics of water at two oppositely charged hydrophobic interfaces, i.e., the tetraphenylborate ion (TPB-)/water and tetraphenylarsonium ion (TPA+)/water interfaces, which are clarified by two-dimensional heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation (2D HD-VSFG) spectroscopy. The obtained 2D HD-VSFG spectra of anionic TPB- interface reveal the existence of distinct π-hydrogen bonded OH groups in addition to the usual hydrogen bonded OH groups, which is hidden in the steady-state spectrum. In contrast, 2D HD-VSFG spectra of cationic TPA+ interface only show the presence of usual hydrogen bonded OH groups. The present study demonstrates that the sign of the interfacial charge governs the structure and dynamics of water molecules that face the hydrophobic region.
关键词： sum-frequency generation,ultrafast spectroscopy,hydrophobic interfaces,interfacial water,vibrational dynamics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57