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Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting much attention during the past years due to the advantages of perovskite materials such as high light absorption coefficient, excellent charge mobility, long charge diffusion length, tunable direct band gap, low cost, etc., exhibiting great potential as the next-generation photovoltaic technology [1-3]. The certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 25.2% has been achieved for single-junction PSCs with an active area of 0.0937 cm2 (https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20200128.pdf). However, the state-of-the-art PCE of the large-area PSCs with the active area larger than 10 cm2 (minimodules) is 18.04% (19.276 cm2) (http://solar.in-en.com/html/solar-2352538.shtml), which is still much lower than the value of 79 cm2 silicon solar cell with the PCE of 26.7%. Fig. 1 shows nearly 50 published papers during the past years about the research progress on the PCEs of mesoporous and planar (normal and inverted) structural large-area PSC minimodules, of which the typical active area is from 10 to 100 cm2, and the five cases with the size larger than 100 cm2 are labelled. It should be mentioned that the reported results from companies are not included in Fig. 1 because the detailed device information is not clear. PSC minimodules were first reported in 2014, and much progress has been achieved subsequently. At present, it could normally achieve mesoporous or planar structural PSC minimodules with the PCEs between 15% and 18%. Meanwhile, stability is another very important factor that directly determines the actual applications of PSCs [2,4]. In order to accelerate the commercialization of PSCs, it is highly desired to further develop large-area PSCs and modules with high efficiency and good stability.
关键词： Stability,Perovskite solar cells,Commercialization,Large-area,Efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Improving efficiency and stability of colorful perovskite solar cells with two-dimensional photonic crystals
摘要： Colorful solar cells have been much sought after because they can generate electricity and concurrently satisfy ornamentation purposes. Owing to their outstanding power conversion efficiency and flexibility in processing, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have the great potential to become both efficient and aesthetically appealing. Here, we specially devise and fabricate two novel electron transport layers (ETLs) for PSCs with two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal structures, namely the 2D inverse opal (IO) structured SnO2 (IOS) and SnO2-TiO2 composite (IOST), using the template-assisted spin-coating method. The synergistic structure and material modifications to the ETLs lead to a number of unique features, including the remarkable electron transfer ability, vivid colors and good protection to the infiltrated perovskite films. Furthermore, the IOS and IOST ETLs are effectively incorporated into the CH3NH3PbI3-based PSC devices that deliver the best efficiency of 16.8% with structural colors.
关键词： structural colors,two-dimensional photonic crystals,SnO2,electron transport layers,TiO2,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Amine-passivated ZnO electron transport layer for thermal stability-enhanced perovskite solar cells
摘要： n-Type zinc oxide (ZnO) has high electron mobility, good light transmittance, and a suitable work function and is considered to be a suitable electron transport material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the chemical compatibility between ZnO and perovskites is poor, making it di?cult to prepare highly e?cient and stable PSCs by a one-step spin coating method. Here, the ZnO surface is modi?ed with three amino compounds, butylamine (BA), isobutylamine (IBA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). Three amino compounds can react with 3D perovskite to form a thin and more stable perovskite with a 2D structure, which can improve the stability of ZnO-based PSCs fabricated by one-step method. Interestingly, the conductivity of amine-modi?ed ZnO is also improved due to the presence of amino (NH2) and hydroxyl (OH) groups which can induce the dipole polarization. The modi?cation of amino compounds on the surface of ZnO can a?ect the hydrophilicity of ZnO surface that is related to the crystallization of perovskite ?lm. Devices with IBA modi?cation exhibit improved stability, and the power conversion e?ciency (PCE) can reach 18.84%. Therefore, we provide a new strategy to improve the surface of the ZnO electron transport layer for high-performance PSCs fabricated by a one-step method.
关键词： ZnO,Perovskite solar cells,Interface modi?cation,Thermal stability
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Photovoltaic parameters and stability study of HTM-free mixed-cation perovskite solar cells by incorporating additives to absorbing layers
摘要： In this study, quick route-coating is practiced to substitute methyl ammonium (MA) cation with formamidinium (FA) at different ratios. Through optimizing the MA:FA ratio, a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.31% is achieved for holes transporting material-free MA0.8FA0.2PbI3 mixed PSCs with the JSC of 19.02 mA/cm2, VOC of 0.859 V and FF of 50.88%. Then, to improve the performance, stability and carrier transport dynamic, various additives (PVA, PVP, PEG and EC) are incorporated into the perovskite layer. The treatment of perovskites with additives has proved to cause significant changes in the surface roughness, charge accumulation, charge transport, charge transport resistance, photovoltaic performance and cell stability. PCE of the PSCs mixed with PVA, PVP, EC and PEG optimally reaches 12.76%, 11.28%, 10.38% and 8.92%, respectively. Among the additives, EC and PVP provide better stability owing to the excellent interaction between the functional group of the additives and the perovskite. Surface modification and charge transport also occur better with those two additives.
关键词： Charge transport,Perovskite solar cells,Stability,Additives,Photovoltaic performance
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Thermally Stable, Efficient, Vapor Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： We report on thermally stable inorganic mixed halide perovskite solar cells deposited using a vapor deposition technique with no loss in device performance at 200 °C for 72 hours. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms no compositional degradation of the perovskite layer up to 200 °C anneals. We use a layer-by-layer vapor deposition technique with thin layers (several nm) of PbI2 and CsBr precursors to fabricate inorganic mixed halide perovskite solar cells with a photoconversion efficiency of 11.8%. We study the effect of several key parameters of the perovskite fabrication process that control the intermixing of the perovskite layer and their effect on device efficiency and hysteresis. The thermal stability of the perovskite material and its energy band gap of 1.87eV makes it appropriate for use in tandem junction cells for use in real-life environments with high solar illuminance where the ambient temperatures exceed 55 °C in the summer, and silicon cell module temperatures approach 86 °C.
关键词： Thermal Stability,inorganic perovskite solar cells,vacuum deposition,mixed halide perovskites,layer-by-layer deposition,thermal degradation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Revealing the compositional effect on the intrinsic long-term stability of perovskite solar cells
摘要： Understanding role of individual cation and halide components on the intrinsic long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is of great importance to pursue devices with high efficiency and superior long-term stability simultaneously. In this work, we report a low dopant content (1%) doping strategy to reveal the role of individual bromide and methylammoniun (MA) on the intrinsic operational stability of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3-based) PSCs. This strategy enables us to tune the trap density of perovskite films while keep their apparent morphological and optical properties unchanged. Our results demonstrate that incorporation of MA into the FAPbI3-based PSCs is harmful to the long-term stability due to defect-induced degradation. And Br incorporation is beneficial to enhance the stability of FAPbI3-based PSCs via suppressing the trap density in the perovskite films. This work highlights the importance of defects management for improving the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells.
关键词： compositional effect,defects management,intrinsic stability,trap density,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of triple-cation perovskite halide materials for solar cells
摘要： We report on the measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity by a modulated thermoreflectance microscopy technique on a mixed-cation perovskite material [Cs0.05(formamidinium0.83methylammonium0.17)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3] widely applied for solution-processed perovskite solar cells. Such materials are supposed to present improved thermal stability compared to methylammonium-based single cation perovskites. Our measurements are performed on perovskite/TiO2/SnO2:F/SiO2 structures, with perovskite thicknesses ranging between 250 nm and 1000 nm. This configuration is the one of a real solar cell, with the same substrate and intermediate layers as of an operating device. We measured a thermal conductivity kper of 0.26 ± 0.03 W m?1 K?1 and a thermal diffusivity Dper of 3.5 × 10?7 ± 0.5 m2 s?1. The value for thermal conductivity is comparable to the one measured on single cation perovskites, which is generally in the 0.2–0.6 range. The value for thermal diffusivity has not been reported previously.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,thermal conductivity,modulated thermoreflectance microscopy,thermal diffusivity
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Recent Advances in Plasmonic Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged recently as promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics and have reached power conversion efficiencies of 25.2%. Among the various methods to advance solar cell technologies, the implementation of nanoparticles with plasmonic effects is an alternative way for photon and charge carrier management. Surface plasmons at the interfaces or surfaces of sophisticated metal nanostructures are able to interact with electromagnetic radiation. The properties of surface plasmons can be tuned specifically by controlling the shape, size, and dielectric environment of the metal nanostructures. Thus, incorporating metallic nanostructures in solar cells is reported as a possible strategy to explore the enhancement of energy conversion efficiency mainly in semi-transparent solar cells. One particularly interesting option is PSCs with plasmonic structures enable thinner photovoltaic absorber layers without compromising their thickness while maintaining a high light harvest. In this Review, the effects of plasmonic nanostructures in electron transport material, perovskite absorbers, the hole transport material, as well as enhancement of effective refractive index of the medium and the resulting solar cell performance are presented. Aside from providing general considerations and a review of plasmonic nanostructures, the current efforts to introduce these plasmonic structures into semi-transparent solar cells are outlined.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,semi-transparent devices,plasmonic nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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An Intera??Laboratory Study on the Stability of Alla??Printable HTMa??Free Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Comparison between different laboratories on long-term stability analyses of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still lacking in the literature. This work presents the results of an inter-laboratory study carried out between 5 laboratories from 4 countries. Carbon-based PSCs were prepared by screen printing, encapsulated and sent to different laboratories across Europe to assess their stability by the application of three ISOS aging protocols: (a) in the dark (ISOS-D), (b) under simulated sunlight (ISOS-L) and (c) outdoors (ISOS-O). Over 1000 hours stability is reported for devices in the dark, both at room temperature and at 65 °C. Under continuous illumination at open circuit, cells survived only for few hours, although they recovered after being stored in the dark. Better stability is observed for cells biased at maximum power point under illumination. Finally, devices operate in outdoors for 30 days, with minor degradation, in two different locations (Barcelona, Spain and Paola, Malta). Our findings demonstrate that open circuit conditions are too severe for stability assessment and that the diurnal variation of the PV parameters reveals performance to be strongly limited by the fill factor, in the central hours of the day, due to the high series resistance of the carbon electrode.
关键词： carbon,perovskite solar cells,long-term stability,inter-laboratory study,ISOS protocols
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Improving the heterointerface in hybrid <scp>organica??inorganic</scp> perovskite solar cells by surface engineering: Insights from periodic hybrid density functional theory calculations
摘要： A periodic hybrid density functional theory computational strategy is presented to model the heterointerface between the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite and titanium dioxide (TiO2), as found in perovskite solar cells (PSC), where the 4-chlorobenzoic acid (CBA) ligand is used to improve the stability and the band alignment at the interface. The CBA ligand acts as a bifunctional linker to efficiently connect the perovskite and the oxide moieties, ensuring the stability of the interface through Ti–O and Pb–Cl interactions. The computed density of states reveals that the perovskite contributes to the top of the valence band while the oxide contributes to the bottom of the conduction band with a direct bandgap of 2.16 eV, indicating a possible electron transfer from MAPI to TiO2. Dipole moment analysis additionally reveals that the CBA ligand can induce a favorable effect to improve band alignment and thus electron transfer from MAPI to TiO2. This latter has been quantified by calculation of the spin density of the reduced MAPI/CBA/TiO2 system and indicates an almost quantitative (99.94%) electron transfer from MAPI to TiO2 for the surface engineered system, together with an ultrafast electron injection time in the femtosecond timescale. Overall, the proposed DFT-based computational protocol therefore indicates that surface engineering and the use of a bifunctional linker can lead to a better stability, together with improved band alignment and electron injection in PSC systems.
关键词： DFT,perovskite solar cells,interface
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01