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Near-infrared (NIR) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) study of novel functional phenothiazines for potential use in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
摘要： Near-infrared (NIR) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is used to investigate the interaction between six novel phenothiazine-merocyanine dyes containing the three different functional groups rhodanine, 1,3-indanedione and cyanoacylic acid with plasmonic nanomaterials, to decide if the incorporation of plasmonic nanoparticles could enhance the efficiency of a Gr?tzel-type solar cell. The studies were carried out in the solution state using spherical and rod-shaped gold nanostructures. With KCl induced agglomerated spherical gold nanoparticles, forming SERS hot spots, the results showed low detection limits between 0.1 mmol L?1 for rhodanine containing phenothiazine dyes, because of the formation of Au–S bonds and 3 mmol L?1 for cyanoacrylic acid containing dyes, which formed H-aggregates in the watery dispersion. Results with gold nanorods showed similar trends in the SERS measurements with lower limits of detection, because of a shielding effect from the strongly-bound surfactant. Additional fluorescence studies were carried out to determine if the incorporation of nanostructures leads to fluorescence quenching. Overall we conclude that the addition of gold nanoparticles to rhodanine and 1,3-indanedione containing phenothiazine merocyanine dyes could enhance their performance in Gr?tzel-type solar cells, because of their strong interactions with plasmonic nanoparticles.
关键词： surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,plasmonic nanoparticles,dye sensitized solar cells,phenothiazine-merocyanine dyes,Near-infrared
更新于2025-11-14 15:16:37
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<i>N</i> -Arylphenothiazines as strong donors for photoredox catalysis – pushing the frontiers of nucleophilic addition of alcohols to alkenes
摘要： A new range of N-phenylphenothiazine derivatives was synthesized as potential photoredox catalysts to broaden the substrate scope for the nucleophilic addition of methanol to styrenes through photoredox catalysis. These N-phenylphenothiazines differ by their electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents at the phenyl group, covering both, σ and π-type groups, in order to modulate their absorbance and electrochemical characteristics. Among the synthesized compounds, alkylaminylated N-phenylphenothiazines were identified to be highly suitable for photoredox catalysis. The dialkylamino substituents of these N-phenylphenothiazines shift the estimated excited state reduction potential up to ?3.0 V (vs SCE). These highly reducing properties allow the addition of methanol to α-methylstyrene as less-activated substrate for this type of reaction. Without the help of an additive, the reaction conditions were optimized to achieve a quantitative yield for the Markovnikov-type addition product after 20 h of irradiation.
关键词： redox potential,photochemistry,addition,photoredox catalysis,phenothiazine
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Two novel fluorescent probes based on phenothiazine: synthesis and “naked-eye” colorimetric recognition of Hg2+
摘要： Two novel colorimetric and fluorescent probes 2-(1,3-dithiolanes)-10-ethyl phenothiazine (PHE–Ed) and 2-(1,3-dithianes)-10-ethyl phenothiazine (PHE–Pd) based on phenothiazine were successfully synthesized, and their structure was confirmed by NMR and high resolution mass spectra. Fluorescence investigations revealed that the synthesized probes could be used for the selective detection of Hg2+, which was accompanied with an obvious color change from colorless to light yellow. The applicable ability of the two probes was investigated by a series of competitive experiments, solid colorimetric experiments, and applied experiments, which proved that these probes showed high sensitivity and great potential to detect Hg2+ in environmental analysis systems. Furthermore, the detection mechanism of the probes was investigated by FT-IR spectra and NMR spectra, and the results indicated that the detection of Hg2+ was accomplished through the Hg2+-promoted deprotection of thioacetal.
关键词： Phenothiazine,ICT fluorophore,1,3-propanedithiol,Naked-eye,1,2-ethanedithiol
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Efficient phenothiazine-ruthenium sensitizers with high open-circuit voltage (Voc) for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Herein, we designed and synthesized two highly effective phenothiazine-ruthenium sensitizers JR1 and JR2 to use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The structure of N719 was further optimized, 1,10-phenanthroline modified by phenothiazine was used instead of 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid to as the electron donor. Compared with N719, these two ruthenium dyes show better optical properties, both the spectral response range and the molar absorption coefficient of dye molecules have been significantly improved. The IPCE response of JR1 is obviously improved, the response range of photocurrent is widened to 800 nm, the overall response value is also higher. JR2 shows the widest and highest IPCE response curve, in the region of 410-600 nm, the IPCE value of JR2 is more than 70%, and at 530 nm, the IPCE value has reached 79%, so JR2 shows the highest Jsc of 17.18 mA cm-2. Further optimization of molecular structure not only improves the light-harvesting performance of the device, but also reduces the charge recombination behaviour and improves the the electron lifetime, so the Voc is greatly increased. Especially for JR2, the introduction of the second long carbon chain not only increases the solubility of the dye, but also further suppresses the dye aggregation and reduces the charge recombination. The phenothiazine-ruthenium dye JR2 shows a high Voc of 841 mV, while the theoretical Voc of DSSCs based on I-/I3 - electrolyte is about 900 mV. JR2 exhibits a superior PCE of 9.12%, which exceeds N719 (8.03%) about 14%.
关键词： Phenothiazine,Ruthenium sensitizers,Dye-sensitized solar cells,Charge recombination
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Phenothiazine-Based Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The promising photovoltaic solar cells based on the perovskite light-harvesting materials have attracted researchers with their outstanding power conversion efficiencies (over 23% certified). The perovskite work has geared up in just under a decade and is competing with well-established semiconductor technologies such as silicon (Si), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe). To commercialize the perovskite solar cells, their stability is the major concern. To address the stability issue, several factors need to be taken into account, and one of them is developing stable hole transport materials (HTMs), which are the essential building blocks. In this mini-review, we will discuss the important features of the HTMs, such as design and development of phenothiazine-based HTMs. Since phenothiazine is a low cost and stable molecule compared to the spiro-OMeTAD, it can be modified further via molecular engineering.
关键词： hole transport materials,phenothiazine,power conversion efficiencies,stability,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Phenothiazine dioxide-containing derivatives as efficient hosts for blue, green and yellow thermally activated delayed fluorescence OLEDs
摘要： By conjugating 10-phenyl-10H-phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide (2PTO) with aromatic amine substituents (PhCz and DMACMN), three novel host materials namely 10-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (3CzNPTO), (10-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (9CzNPTO) and 10-(4-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (DMACMNPTO) were designed and synthesized. DMACMNPTO with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) feature exhibited the bipolar characteristic resulting from the completely separated HOMO/LUMO distribution. Using DMACMNPTO as a host for TADF emitters, the devices showed a maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax), current e?ciency (CEmax) and power e?ciency (PEmax) of 18.3%, 33.3 cd/A and 37.4 lm/W in the blue-emitting diode, 18.6%, 49.1 cd/A and 47.2 lm/W in the green-emitting diode, and 19.1%, 59.2 cd/A and 66.0 lm/W in the yellow-emitting diode, respectively. These results corroborated the potential of phenothiazine dioxide-containing derivatives as host materials in a sequence of colors TADF-OLEDs.
关键词： phenothiazine dioxide,Organic light-emitting devices,thermally activated delayed fluorescence,host
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Phenothiazine dyes containing a 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl) thiazole bridge for dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Two novel phenothiazine dyes bearing a single or double cyanoacrylic acid acceptors, which share the same electron donor phenothiazine and the same 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazole p-bridge, were synthesized. Thus, phenothiazine dyes with D-p-A and A-D-p-A framework were con?gured, and their photophysical properties and photovoltaic performance were investigated. The incorporation of another cyanoacrylic acid acceptor was found to bene?t the loading amount on TiO2, the light-harvesting ability, and the electron-injection ef?ciency. Dye with double cyanoacrylic acid acceptors showed a double short-circuit current compared with dye with a single acceptor. Therefore, dye with double cyanoacrylic acid acceptors achieved improved photoelectric conversion ef?ciency 4.35% (JSC ? 10.29 mA cm?2, VOC ? 0.65 V, FF ? 0.65) under standard global AM 1.5 G solar condition with dye N719 (7.19%) as a reference.
关键词： Phenothiazine,Photovoltaic performance,4-Phenyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazole,Double acceptors,Dye-sensitized solar cell
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Accurately Stoichiometric Regulating Oxidation States in Hole Transporting Material to Enhance the Hole Mobility of Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： In the traditional n-i-p type perovskite solar cells (PSCs), most hole transporting materials (HTMs) rely on an uncontrolled oxidative process by using Li salt and Co (III) complex to achieve sufficient hole mobilities. Herein, we demonstrate a stabilized oxidized-phenothiazine-based HTM (OPTZ) synthesized from its neutral form (NPTZ) through a photo-redox reaction. This controllable and stable oxidation state is mainly derived from the planar structure and π-conjugation of phenothiazine core in OPTZ. The energy gap between SOMO (singly-occupied-molecular-orbital) of OPTZ and HOMO (highest-occupied-molecular-orbital) of NPTZ can suitably promote the hole hopping in hole transporting layers. Using an optimized ratio of OPTZ as dopant in NPTZ, the hole transporting mobility is effectively enhanced owing to intra- and inter-molecular charge transfer process, resulting in an enhancement in the fill factor of the PSCs. This work can provide a new strategy to obtain stabilized oxidized-HTMs, which deliver significantly enhanced hole mobilities of HTMs in PSCs.
关键词： phenothiazine,hole transport material,hole mobility,perovskite solar cell,radical cation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Rational Design of Phenothiazine-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: The Influence of ??-Spacers and Intermolecular Aggregation on Their Photovoltaic Performances
摘要： Power conversion efficiency (PCE) is one of the important factors in influencing the overall performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and precise prediction of PCE is a feasible strategy for preparing highly-efficient DSSCs devices. In this work, we designed a series of phenothiazine-based organic dyes by introducing different π-spacers including the 4-isopropyl-4H-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) and 2,7-dihydronaphtho[1,2-d:5,6-d']diimidazole (NDI) to tune their photovoltaic properties. The present studies reveal that the PCE value of the DTP-based dye is estimated to 8.55%, in excellent agreement with the experimentally available value (8.19%) observed in the reported analogue. In comparison to DTP, the strong electron-deficiency NDI group induces a remarkable red-shifting of maximum absorption band, broadening the optical absorption into the near-infrared region. As a consequence, the NDI-based dye achieves an impressive PCE value of 15.51%, which is expected to be a potential organic dye applied in DSSCs.
关键词： Intermolecular aggregation,Phenothiazine-based organic dyes,π-spacers,Photovoltaic performances,Dye-sensitized solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Mono- and bi-cyanoacrylic acid substituted phenothiazine based sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells
摘要： Phenothiazine and cyanoacrylic acid moiety based sensitizers were synthesized for dye sensitized solar cell application. Absorption and electrochemical properties of the sensitizers having mono- and bi-substituted cyanoacrylic acids were studied. The mono-cyanoacrylic acid substituted phenothiazine sensitizer has more light harvesting ability due to its high molar extinction coefficient. The photovoltaic performance of mono-cyanoacrylic acid substituted phenothiazine sensitizer was slightly greater compared to the bi-cyanoacrylic acid substituted phenothiazine sensitizer which was attributed to the effect of anchoring groups in the sensitizer.
关键词： Solar energy materials,Spectroscopy,Anchoring group,Dye sensitized solar cells,Phenothiazine
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22