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Sol–gel ZnO modified by organic dye molecules for efficient inverted polymer solar cells
摘要： ZnO layer was modified with the addition of Cationic dyes including Crystal Violet (CV)/Ethyl violet (EV) in sol–gel process for an electron transport layer in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). X-ray photoelectron spectra showed the presence of CV/EV at the top of ZnO surface. Besides, oxygen defect was significantly reduced by CV/EV modification due to the chloride occupation. Furthermore, the amount of CV/EV decreased progressively from ZnO surface to bottom, being evidenced by depth profile. With modification, the ZnO surface became smoother and more hydrophobic to improve the contact with active layer. Meanwhile, CV/EV participated in the crystallization which resulted in the larger ZnO crystal grain size. Interface dipole after modification would slightly reduce the work function of ZnO and the energy barrier between ZnO and active layer via Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy and External Quantum Efficiency analysis. Accordingly, inverted PSCs possessed better morphology, better electron extraction ability with ZnO modified by CV and EV respectively, rendering the power conversion efficiency up to 8.80% and 9.06% in comparison to the pristine ZnO (7.59%). In conclusion, we demonstrate a facile way to improve morphological and electrical properties of ZnO layer by simply adding CV/EV in sol–gel ZnO to fabricate high performance PSCs.
关键词： Interfacial modification,Cationic dye,Polymer solar cells,Electron transport,Sol–gel ZnO
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Solution‐Processable Two‐Dimension α‐In <sub/>2</sub> Se <sub/>3</sub> as an Efficient Hole Transport Layer for High‐Performance and Stable Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： In this work, two-dimension (2D) α-In2Se3 nanosheet, a binary III-VI group compound semiconductor, is fabricated by liquid phase exfoliation method, and the photoelectric properties of α-In2Se3 material are investigated in depth. It is found that α-In2Se3 film exhibits significant conductivity, outstanding optical transmission and suitable work function. Combined with its smooth surface and preferable hydrophobicity, α-In2Se3 film can efficiently facilitate hole transporting in the polymer solar cells (PSCs). Owing to the aforesaid advantages, 2D α-In2Se3 nanosheet is employed as a hole transport layer (HTL) in conventional PSCs for the first time, and a relatively high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.58% is achieved with the structure of ITO/α-In2Se3/PBDB-T:ITIC/Ca/Al, which is comparable to PEDOT:PSS-based devices (9.50%). Interestingly, it is demonstrated that α-In2Se3 film possesses excellent thermal stability in the range from room temperature to 280 °C and a PCE of 9.35% is achieved without annealing treatment of α-In2Se3 film, which exhibits a great potential of α-In2Se3 for annealing-free approach. Furthermore, the incorporation of α-In2Se3 HTL also remarkably enhances the long-term stability of PSCs compared with PEDOT:PSS-based devices. So the results show that 2D α-In2Se3 is a promising candidate to be an efficient and stable hole extraction layer.
关键词： solution processed,α-In2Se3,hole transport layer,polymer solar cells,thermal stability
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Molecular Engineering on Bis(Benzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide)-Based Large Band-Gap Polymers for Interfacial Modifications in Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： The development of effectively universal interfacial materials for both conventional and inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) plays a very crucial role in achieving highly photovoltaic performance and feasible device engineering. In this study, two novel alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers (PBSON-P and PBSON-FEO) with bis(benzothiophene-S,S-dioxide)-fused aromatics (FBTO) as core unit and amino as functional groups are synthesized. They are utilized as universal cathode interfacial layers for both conventional and inverted PSCs simultaneously. Ascribing to the enlarged conjugated planarity and higher electron affinity for FBTO unit, both of PBSON-P and PBSON-FEO exhibit versatile electron-transporting abilities. They show wide band gaps that are important for light absorption in inverted PSCs, at which point PBSON-P and PBSON-FEO are more progressive than some of the reported small band-gap cathode interfacial materials. Importantly, PBSON-P and PBSON-FEO display deep HOMO energy levels, which can block holes at the cathode and thus increase fill factor. As a result, both of conventional and inverted PSCs using PBSON-P and PBSON-FEO as cathode interlayers realize high photovoltaic performance. Therefore, this series of novel polymers are amphibious cathode interfacial materials for high-performance conventional and inverted PSCs.
关键词： amino,cathode interfacial layers,large band-gap polymers,benzothiophene-S,S-dioxide,polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Efficient polymer solar cells that use conjugated polyelectrolyte with a tetravalent amine-end side chain
摘要： Conjugated polyelectrolyte based on benzotriazole (BT) with tetravalent amine-end side chain and benzothiadiazole (BTz) conjugated alternating repeat units, named PBTBTz-TMAI was initially designed and synthesized. Fullerene- and non-fullerene-based polymer solar cells were fabricated using PBTBTz-TMAI as the cathode interlayer. Consequently, power conversion efficiencies of 8.4% and 10.5% were achieved for the fullerene PTB7:PC71BM-based and non-fullerene PBDB-T:ITIC-based single-junction devices, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the appropriate energy level alignment of the active layer with PBTBTz-TMAI and the efficient electron transfer from the active layer to the cathode electrode.
关键词： cathode interlayer,non-fullerene,tetravalent amine-end,conjugated polyelectrolyte,polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Aqueous-Soluble Naphthalene Diimide-Based Polymer Acceptors for Efficient and Air-Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Aqueous-processed all-polymer solar cells (aq-APSCs) are reported for the first time by developing a series of water/ethanol-soluble naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based polymer acceptors P(NDIDEG-T), P(NDITEG-T), and P(NDITEG-T2). Polymer acceptors are designed by using the backbones of NDI-bithiophene and NDI-thiophene in combination with non-ionic hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chains that facilitate processability in water/ethanol mixtures. All three polymers exhibit sufficient solubility (20-50 mg mL?1) in the aqueous medium. The P(NDIDEG-T) polymer with shorter OEG side chains is the most crystalline with the highest electron mobility, enabling the fabrication of efficient aq-APSCs with the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.15%. Furthermore, these aq-APSCs are fabricated under ambient atmosphere by taking advantage of the eco-friendly aqueous process and, importantly, the devices exhibit outstanding air-stability without any encapsulation, as evident by maintaining more than 90% of the initial PCE in air after 4 days. According to a double cantilever beam test, the interfacial adhesion properties between the active layer and electron/hole transporting layers were remarkably improved by incorporating the hydrophilic OEG-attached photoactive layer, which hinders the delamination of the constituent layers and prevents the increase of series resistance, ultimately leading to enhanced durability under ambient conditions. The combination of increased device stability and minimized environmental impact of these aq-APSCs demonstrates them to be worthy candidates for continued development of scalable polymer solar cells.
关键词： eco-friendly solution process,aqueous process,air-stability,all-polymer solar cells,oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chain
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Mo <sub/>1.33</sub> C MXene-assisted PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer for high performance bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells
摘要： Here we report the usage of two-dimensional MXene, Mo1.33C-assisted PEDOT:PSS as an efficient hole transport layer (HTL) to construct high efficiency polymer solar cells. The composite HTLs are prepared by mixing Mo1.33C and PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution. The conventional devices based on Mo1.33C:PEDOT:PSS exhibits average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.2%, which shows 13% enhancement comparing to the reference devices. According to the results from hole mobilities, charge extraction probabilities, steady-state photoluminescence and atomic force microscope, the enhanced PCE can be ascribed to the improved charge transport and extraction properties of HTL, along with the morphological improvement of the active layer on top. This work clearly demonstrates the feasibility to combine advantages of Mo1.33C MXene and PEDOT:PSS as the promising HTL in organic photovoltaics.
关键词： PEDOT:PSS,polymer solar cells,Mo1.33C:PEDOT:PSS,hole transport layer,MXene nanosheet
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Origin of the High Donor-Acceptor Composition Tolerance in Device Performance and Mechanical Robustness of All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： High tolerance regarding photovoltaic performance in terms of donor:acceptor (D:A) composition ratio is reported for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), which is a crucial advantage in producing large-scale devices with high reproducibility. To understand the origin of high D:A ratio tolerance in all-PSCs, we investigate the molecular weight (MW) effects of the P(NDI2OD-T2) polymer acceptor (PA) on photovoltaic and mechanical robustness of PBDB-T:P(NDI2OD-T2) all-PSCs. Also, we compare the all-PSCs with other types of PSCs consisting of the same polymer donor but using small molecule acceptors (SMAs) including ITIC and PC71BM. It is observed that the D:A ratio tolerances of both the photovoltaic and mechanical properties are highly dependent on the PA MW and the acceptor material types. For example, at a high D:A ratio of 15:1, all-PSCs using high MW PA (number-average molecular weight (Mn)= 97 kg mol-1) exhibit 13 times higher normalized power conversion efficiency (PCE) than all-PSCs using low MW PA (Mn= 11 kg mol-1), and 20 times higher than ITIC-based PSCs. In addition, the electron mobilities in all-PSCs based on high MW PA are well maintained even at very high D:A ratio, whereas the electron mobilities in low MW PA all-PSCs and SMA-based PSCs decrease by 3- and 4-orders of magnitude, respectively, when the D:A ratio increases from 1:1 to 15:1. Thus, we suggest that the formation of tie molecules and chain entanglements by long polymer chains bridging adjacent crystalline domains is the main origin of excellent D:A tolerance in both mechanical robustness and photovoltaic performance. This work provides an important material design guideline for the reproducible production of flexible and stretchable all-PSCs.
关键词： molecular weight effects,mechanical robustness,donor-acceptor composition tolerance,photovoltaic performance,all-polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Synthesis and photovoltaic investigation of 8,10-bis (2-octyldodecyl) -8,10-dihydro-9H-bisthieno [2 ', 3': 7.8; 3``, 2 '': 5.6] naphtho [2,3-d] imidazol-9-one based conjugated polymers using non-fullerene acceptor
摘要： Two donor -acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers designed on same 8,10-bis (2-octyldodecyl)-8,10-dihydro-9H-bisthieno [2`,3`:7,8; 3”,2”:5,6]naphtho [2,3-d]imidazole-9-one donor and dissimilar acceptor units, i.e. benzothiadiazole BT (P104) and fluorinated benzothiadiazole (P105) were synthesized and investigated their photophysical and electrochemical properties. The influence of the incorporation of fluorine atoms into the benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor moiety in the polymer backbone on the photovoltaic performance when combined with the low bandgap non-fullerene acceptor ITIC-F was explored. The polymer solar cells based on P105:ITIC-F exhibited higher PCE (10.65 %) as compared to P104 :ITIC-F (8.32 %), resulted from the improved values of all the photovoltaic parameters. High value of Voc is linked with the deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of P105 and the larger values of both short circuit current and fill factor are endorsed to the efficient exciton separation into charge carriers and their subsequent transfer owing to the increased value of dielectric constant and reduced value of exciton dissociation and energy loss and promoted balanced charge transportation. The intra/interchain interaction can be modulated by F atom substitution in the BT unit, resulting reduction in π-π stacking distance and increase in the crystal coherence length, benefiting the charge transportation in the active layer. These results offer a simple effective approach to regulate the optical and electrochemical properties and therefore increase the overall photovoltaic response.
关键词： D-A conjugated copolymer,non-fullerene acceptor,Polymer solar cells,morphology
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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An A–D–D–A-type non-fullerene small-molecule acceptor with strong near-infrared absorption for high performance polymer solar cells
摘要： An acceptor–donor–donor–acceptor (A–D–D–A)-type near-infrared non-fullerene small-molecule acceptor IDT2-DFIC with indacenodithiophene–indacenodithiophene (IDT2) as a donating core and 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (2FIC) as electron withdrawing end groups has been synthesized. Compared to A–D–A-type small-molecule acceptor IDIC-4F, IDT2-DFIC exhibits a low optical bandgap of 1.42 eV with strong absorption in the 450–874 nm region, and upshifted energy levels as an electron acceptor. Furthermore, the IDT2-DFIC-based devices exhibited higher and more balanced charge transport and smoother surface morphology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the IDT2-DFIC-based devices is 10.06%, which is higher than that of the IDIC-4F-based devices (5.17%). Our work provides an efficient molecular design strategy to construct small molecule acceptors with near-infrared absorption.
关键词： IDT2-DFIC,near-infrared absorption,A–D–D–A-type,non-fullerene small-molecule acceptor,polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Understanding the Impact of Side-chain on Photovoltaic Performance in Efficient All-polymer Solar Cells
摘要： In order to understand the impact of side-chain on photovoltaic performance and explore efficient All-polymer solar cells, chemical modifications on donor-acceptor based polymers containing benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) backbones were performed. Via side-chain fluorination, the molecular design resulted in lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels and enhanced backbone planarity. The intermolecular packing and solid-state ordering were found to significantly improve. These factors are considered as key influences for carrier transport. In contrast, introducing a bulky alkylthio substituent group was found to slightly distort the polymer backbone. As a result of the lower HOMO level, PTF8 exhibits an improved open circuit voltage (Voc) compared to the template polymer PT8. However, due to the increased crystallinity and aggregation, PTF8 and PTS8 experience an unfavorable phase separation in polymer-polymer bulk heterojunction blends, hindering the PCE to about 4%. Through introducing alkylthio side-chains and fluorination, the polymer PTFS8 exhibits an extremely low HOMO level (-5.73 eV). These reduced HOMO level limits charge separation between the donor and acceptor polymers. Without any fluorination and alkylthio side-chains, the wide bandgap polymer PT8 exhibits desired HOMO energy levels and crystallinity, delivering a best PCE of 8% together with a high Voc of 1.05 V, displaying its great potential for applications in efficient all-polymer optoelectronic devices.
关键词： BDT-TPD backbone,side-chain,fluorination,All-polymer solar cells,alkylthio substitution,photovoltaic performance
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22