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TBP precursor agent passivated ZnO electron transport layer for highly efficient polymer solar cells
摘要： Defects passivation in electron transport layer (ETL) is a key issue to optimize the performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a novel strategy is developed to form defects passivated ZnO ETL by introducing 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) agent into precursor. While the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the inverted PSCs based poly{4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl}:[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PC71BM) with the pure ZnO ETL is 8.02%, that of the device with modified ZnO ETL is dramatically improved to 10.26%, with TBP accounting for ~28% efficiency improvement. Our study demonstrates that the precursor agent significantly affect the surface morphology and size of ZnO in ETL. Furthermore, it proves that the ZnO ETL with TBP (T-ZnO) is beneficial to polish interfacial contact between ETL and active layer and depress exciton quenching loss, resulting in enhanced exciton dissociation, efficient carrier collection and reduced charge recombination, thus improving the device performance. To verify the universality of T-ZnO ETL, the champion photovoltaic performance with a PCE of 11.74% (10% improvement) are obtained in the PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F based nonfullerene PSCs using T-ZnO as ETL. Our work developed a new, universal and facile strategy for designing highly efficient PSCs based on fullerene and nonfullerene blend systems.
关键词： Electron transport layer,4-tert-butylpyridine,ZnO,Defects passivation,Polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Importance of Device Structure and Interlayer Design in Storage Stability of Naphthalene Diimide-based All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： While excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSC) have been demonstrated, the storage stability of all-PSCs has rarely been studied. In this paper, the storage stability of all-PSCs is systematically investigated and compared to fullerene-based polymer solar cells (PCBM-PSCs). We identify that the efficient inverted type all-PSCs made with a molybdenum oxide (MoO3) anode interfacial layer can exhibit degradation over short periods of storage even under inert nitrogen-filled and dark conditions, while the control inverted PCBM-PSCs containing the same polymer donor (PDs) are relatively more stable. To elucidate the origin of the poor storage stability, morphological and electrical properties of all-PSCs are investigated. We reveal that the work function of MoO3 is largely changed during the storage because of the interaction between MoO3 and the underneath naphthalene dimide (NDI)-based PAs. This causes unfavorable energy-level alignment in devices, resulting in increased charge recombination and deteriorated charge collecting efficiency. To resolve this issue, we propose two effective strategies: i) introducing a passivation layer to physically separate the NDI-based PAs and MoO3, and ii) replacing MoO3 with an efficient polymer interlayer. We prove that the modified all-PSCs not only exhibit the excellent storage stability with high power conversion efficiency for more than 45 days, but also show high air-stability even without encapsulation. Our findings provide better understanding of the storage stability of all-PSCs and suggest future guidelines for efficient and burn-in free all-PSCs.
关键词： stability,burn-in degradation,all-polymer solar cells,storage lifetime,interlayers,naphthalene diimide polymers
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A bromine and chlorine concurrently functionalized end group for benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']diselenophene-based nonfluorinated acceptors: new hybrid strategy to balance the crystallinity and miscibility of blend films enabling highly efficient polymer solar cells
摘要： A bromine and chlorine concurrently functionalized end group for nonfluorinated benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']diselenophene-based acceptors: new hybrid strategy to balance the crystallinity and miscibility of blend films enabling highly efficient polymer solar cells. Dihalogenated 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) plays a key role in top-performing fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs)-based polymer solar cells (PSCs). Here, we firstly synthesized a hybrid dihalogenated IC (IC-BrCl), which simultaneously grafted one Br atom and one Cl atom onto the same IC skeleton. Three nonfluorinated FREAs (BDSe-4Cl, BDSe-2(BrCl) and BDSe-4Br) are synthesized by employing benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophene-based core unit and dichlorinated IC, hybrid dihalogenated IC (IC-BrCl), and dibrominated IC for highly efficient PSCs, respectively. These three acceptors exhibit very similar absorption spectra with 1.39 eV of optical band gap, but slightly different in the HOMO/LUMO energy levels in thin films. The crystallinity of acceptors was progressively enhanced and miscibility with PM7 was gradually reduced with the increase of Br atoms. The BDSe-2(BrCl):PM7 blend films exhibited the strongest face-on crystallization orientation, the most proper phase separation feature, the highest and most balanced carrier mobility and the weakest charge recombination owing to the excellent balance of miscibility and crystallinity of blend film. Notably, BDSe-2(BrCl):PM7-based PSCs demonstrated an outstanding PCE of 14.5% with an impressive FF of 76.5%, which substantially outperformed its counterparts (13.8% for BDSe-4Cl, 13.2% for BDSe-4Br, respectively) and is the highest value in hybrid IC-based FREAs for binary PSCs. Our results demonstrated that hybrid dihalogenated IC with one Br atom and one Cl atom provide a promising strategy to tune crystallinity and miscibility of FREAs for boosting the FF and PCE of PSCs.
关键词： crystallinity,nonfluorinated acceptors,polymer solar cells,miscibility,hybrid dihalogenated IC
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Enhanced carrier mobility and power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells by adding 2D Bi<sub>2</sub>OS<sub>2</sub>
摘要： Although polymer solar cells (PSCs) have many advantages, they have obtained great progress in the two decades, the low charge carrier mobility still restricts performance progress of PSCs. Two-dimensional (2D) Bi-based semiconductor nanomaterial (Bi2OS2) can be a potential material for improving the charge carrier mobility in the active layer of PSCs, because it exhibits a high carrier mobility, suitable band gap, wide absorption range, and good stability. In this work, we synthesize the 2D Bi2OS2 nanomaterial and incorporate it into active layer of PSCs as a third component for the first time. By introduction 1 wt% 2D Bi2OS2 nanomaterial into the PSCs, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs can be obviously improved by more than 17% comparison with binary PSCs (from 10.51% to 12.31%). The enhancement of PCE is mainly due to the improving of charge transport, surface morphology, and crystallization of active layer. It is worth noting that the 2D Bi2OS2 play the role of the heterogeneous nucleation in the active layer, resulting in the enhanced crystallization of PBDB-T and ITIC. These results not only provide a way to improve the performance of PSCs, but also show that the 2D Bi2OS2 nanomaterial has great potential application in the PSCs.
关键词： crystallinity,2D Bi2OS2 nanomaterial,Polymer solar cells,charge carrier transport
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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5H-Fluoreno [3,2- b:6,7- b’] Dithiophene Based Non-fullerene Small Molecular Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cell Application
摘要： Two novel non-fullerene small molecule acceptors were prepared with the conjugated backbone of 5H- fluoreno[3, 2- b:6, 7- b’] dithiophene carrying the electron deficient unit of dicyanomethylene indanone (DICTFDT) and rhodanine (TFDTBR), respectively. The two acceptors exhibited excellent thermal stability and strong absorption in the visible region. The LUMO level is estimated to be at -3.89 eV for DICTFDT and -3.77 eV for TFDTBR. When utilized as the acceptor in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with the polymer donor of PBT7-Th, the optimized maximum power conversion efficiency of 5.12% and 3.95% was obtained for the device with DICTFDT and TFDTBR, respectively. The research demonstrates that 5H- fluoreno[3, 2- b:6, 7- b’] dithiophene can be an appealing candidate for constructing small molecular electron acceptor towards efficient polymer:non-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.
关键词： polymer solar cells,non-fullerene acceptor,bulk heterojunction
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Solution-processible Cd-doped ZnO nanoparticles as an electron transport layer to achieve high performance polymer solar cells through improve conductivity and light transmittance
摘要： In this work, electron transport layers (ETLs) with high charge transfer ability were prepared by doping ZnO nanoparticles with different concentrations of cadmium(Cd). The inverted polymer solar cell based on PTB7-Th: PC71BM as active layer and various concentrations Cd-doped ZnO (CZO) as ETLs were fabricated. The PCE of the device with optimized Cd content in the ZnO film was about 14.7% larger than that of the pure ZnO-based cells. The cadmium-doped ZnO(CZO) is a good candidate to be used as a high-quality transparent electrode in solar cell applications.
关键词： high electrical conductivity,cadmium doping,electron transport layers,ZnO nanoparticles,inverted polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Synergistic effect of processing solvent and additive for the production of efficient all-polymer solar cells
摘要： Ideal morphological features are of particular importance to produce high performance all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), in which the active blends generally involve unfavorable phase separation due to the complicated intermixing. Developing suitable processing solvent and additive is an effective and versatile approach to manipulate the blends morphology. This study demonstrates the synergistic effect of processing solvent and additive to the photovoltaic performances of all-PSCs composed of a conjugated copolymer J71 donor and typical N2200 acceptor. The low boiling point chloroform (CF) solvent combined with 1% 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO) additive was identified as the optimal processing condition to treat the J71:N2200 blends. Consequently, the all-PSCs casting from CF + 1% DIO achieved an outstanding efficiency of 9.34% with an ultrahigh fill factor of 77.86%, which is among the top values for current all-PSCs systems. Owing to the low JSC, just a moderate efficiency of 7.28% was obtained for the device from chlorobenzene (CB) + 1% DIO processing despite of its high FF. The electron microscopic tests revealed that the CF was superior to CB solvent to obtain uniform morphologies and the addition of DIO additive could further generate more favorable phase separation and domain size. Moreover, the results of charge generation, transport, and recombination analysis correlate well with the remarkable photovoltaic properties. Our results highlight the critical significance of selecting appropriate processing solvent and additive to pursue high performing all-PSCs.
关键词： all-polymer solar cells,processing solvent,morphology,additive,photovoltaic performance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Modulation of Building Block Size in Conjugated Polymers with D–A Structure for Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： D?A conjugated polymers have played critical roles in recently reported nonfullerene acceptors-based polymer solar cells (NF-PSCs) with high performance. Although the molecular design of the D?A polymers is getting more mature, there are still some fundamental unknowns to be unveiled. Here, three new D?A polymers with varied conjugated length for the D-units in their backbones, namely, PDB-1, PDB-2, and PDB-3, were designed, synthesized, and characterized. It was demonstrated that a longer D-unit leads to stronger interchain interaction and higher hole mobility for pristine polymer films. While blending with IT-4F to fabricate photoactive layers in PSCs, it was found that the domain purity, aggregation size, and π?π stacking effect of the polymers can be greatly affected by the D-unit size. Compared to polymers with shorter D-units, for the polymer with the largest D-units (PDB-3), hole and electron transport channels can be much more easily formed in the blend films. Interestingly, the highest efficiency was obtained in the PSCs based on a PDB-2:IT-4F blend, in which PDB-2 shows similar D-unit size to the polymers with state-of-the-art high photovoltaic performance. The correlations between the molecular structure and photovoltaic property of PDB-x polymers demonstrate that the modulation of building block size is an important method for designing high-performance D?A conjugated polymers for PSCs.
关键词： polymer solar cells,nonfullerene acceptors,D?A conjugated polymers,building block size,photovoltaic performance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Fluorine Tuning of Morphology, Energy Loss, and Carrier Dynamics in Perylenediimide Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： We investigate backbone fluorination effects in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) with the fluorine-poor PBDTT-FTTE and fluorine-rich PBDTTF-FTTE donor polymers, paired with the perylenediimide (PDI) 3D “propeller acceptor” Ph(PDI)3. The PBDTTF-FTTE:Ph(PDI)3 devices exhibit a > 50 % power conversion efficiency (PCE, up to 9.1%) increase versus PBDTT-FTTE:Ph(PDI)3. This enhancement reflects structurally optimized phase separation due to templating effects, affording reduced energy loss, higher electron mobility, greater free charge lifetimes and yields, and lower bimolecular recombination, as quantified by UPS, AFM, TEM, GIWAXS, SCLC, light intensity dependence measurements, and fs/ns transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. In PBDTTF-FTTE, the DFT-computed dipole orientations of the ground and excitonic states is nearly antiparallel, explaining the longer free charge lifetimes, minimized recombination, and lowered exciton binding energy. The PBDTTF-FTTE:Ph(PDI)3 performance enhancement vs. that of the fluorine-poor PBDTT-FTTE:Ph(PDI)3 analogue as well as the overall PSC performance exceeds that of the corresponding PC71BM- and ITIC-Th-based cells.
关键词： Perylenediimide,Energy loss,Fluorine tuning,Carrier dynamics,Morphology,Polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Solutiona??Processable Anode Double Buffer Layers for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Although organic solar cells have surpassed the 17% power conversion efficiency threshold, commercial modules efficiencies are only around 4-5%. One of the reason, is the lack of effective solution processable hole transport materials, that are a key element for the scale up on roll-to-roll printing equipments and the commercial development. In this work, we have developed a class of novel vanadium and molybdenum polyoxometallate salts that, alone or in combination with a traditional poly(ethylene-3,4-dioxytiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer, can be employed as anodic buffer layer in inverted polymer solar cells. These materials exhibit work function values around 5.8 eV that match well with HOMO energies of typical polymer donors. They have been tested with different widely used active systems, including PTB7:PC71BM, PV2000:PCBM and PffBT4T:PC71BM. Vanadium and molybdenum polyoxometallate can be deposited from solutions and, contrary to PEDOT:PSS used alone, do not cause a drop of performances compared to evaporated molybdenum oxide (e-MoOx); on the contrary, in the best cases they achieve similar performances to e-MoOx. Slot-die coated PV2000:PCBM solar cells on flexible substrate achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of almost 7.6%.
关键词： heteropolyacid salts,soluble buffer layers,hole transport layers,polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52