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Broadband Mode Multiplexer Formed with Non-planar Tapered Directional Couplers
摘要： We propose a broadband mode multiplexer based on the structure of cascaded planar and non-planar tapered directional couplers (DCs), which are designed for processing vertically symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. The DCs are tapered to widen the operating bandwidth, reduce the polarization dependence, and improve the fabrication tolerance. As an example, we design and fabricate a five-mode (de)multiplexer with polymer material to combine or separate the E11, E12, E21, E31, and E22 modes. Our typical fabricated device has a length of 2.1 cm and shows the mode coupling efficiency of almost larger than 94.5% for each DC over the C + L band with weak polarization dependence. The proposed structure is scalable and can be implemented with different material platforms.
关键词： mode multiplexer,Mode-division multiplexing,tapered waveguide,directional coupler,polymer waveguide
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Compact and Fabrication-Tolerant Waveguide Bends Based on Quadratic Reflectors
摘要： We propose and experimentally demonstrate a broadband, polarization-diverse compact bending design for low-index-contrast waveguides, where light is re-directed via total internal reflection (TIR) on an air-trench quadratic (elliptical or parabolic) reflector surface. Compared to prior work based on flat TIR mirrors, the quadratic reflector design contributes to minimized mode leakage and reduced optical losses, enabling high-density, scalable photonic architectures at the chip and board levels. Moreover, we develop a self-aligned fabrication process where the reflector and the waveguide segments are defined in a single lithography step, thereby circumventing the alignment sensitivity issue common to traditional air trench structures. Our simulations predict bending losses down to < 0.14 dB per 90° and 180° bend at 850 nm wavelength, and we experimentally measure broadband losses of ~ 0.3 dB per 90° and 180° bend for both TE and TM polarizations in structures fabricated using standard UV lithography.
关键词： polymer waveguide,free-form reflector,integrated photonics,waveguide bend,waveguide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Gain characteristics of the hybrid slot waveguide amplifiers integrated with NaYF <sub/>4</sub> :Er <sup>3+</sup> NPs-PMMA covalently linked nanocomposites
摘要： Waveguide amplifiers based on slot waveguide have enormous capacity due to their ability to confine light strongly to a narrow slot waveguide. NaYF4:Er3+ nanoparticles-polymeric methyl methacrylate covalently linked nanocomposites were synthesized and filled into the slot. The stability and the Er3+ concentration doped in this novel material were improved. The slot waveguide was designed accurately. The rigorous numerical method, full-vector finite difference method, was used to analyze the modal characteristics and optimize the slot combined with the maximum power confinement in the slot and the minimum effective mode area of the slot. A four-level spectroscopic model pumped at 1480 nm was presented. The rate equations and propagation equations were solved and the gain characteristics of the slot waveguide amplifier were numerically simulated. The primary parameters were optimized. A net gain of 5.78 dB was achieved when the signal power was 0.001 mW at 1530 nm, pump power was 20 mW, Er3+ concentration was 1.3 (cid:1) 1027 m(cid:3)3, and the waveguide length was 1.5 cm.
关键词： NaYF4:Er3+ NPs-PMMA,slot waveguide,erbium-doped polymer waveguide amplifier,full-vector finite difference method,gain characteristics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Properties of the Optical Planar Polymer Waveguides Deposited on Printed Circuit Boards
摘要： This paper reports on a technology for realization of an optical planar waveguide layer on duroid substrate and on FR4 fiber reinforced board material printed circuit boards. Waveguide core material was EpoCore polymer and for claddings we used EpoClad polymer. Design of the presented planar waveguides was realized on the bases of modified dispersion equation and was schemed for 633 nm, 964 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelength. Waveguiding properties were measured by dark mode spectroscopy while propagation optical loss measurement was done by the fiber probe technique at wavelegnth 633 nm (He-Ne laser). The samples had optical losses lower than 0.5 dB/cm. The best sample has optical losses around 0.25 dB/cm.
关键词： printed circuit boards,planar waveguides,Optical polymer waveguide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Cascaded-Microrings Biosensors Fabricated on a Polymer Platform
摘要： Polymer-based single-microring biosensors usually have a small free spectral range (FSR) that hampers the tracing of the spectrum shifting in the measurement. A cascade of two microring resonators based on the Vernier effect, is applied in this article in order to make up for this defect. A small FSR difference between the reference microring and the sensing microring is designed, in order to superpose the periodic envelope signal onto the constituent peaks, which makes it possible to continuously track the spectrum of the sensor. The optical polymer material, Ormocore, which has a large transparent window, is used in the fabrication. The biosensor is fabricated by using an UV-based soft imprint technique, which is considered to be cost-effective and suitable for mass production. By optimizing the volume ratio of Ormocore and the maT thinner, the device can be fabricated almost without a residual layer. The device works at a wavelength of 840 nm, where water absorption loss is much lower than at the infrared wavelengths. A two-step fitting method, including single-peak fitting and whole-envelope fitting, is applied in order to trace the spectral shift accurately. Finally, the two-cascaded-microrings biosensor is characterized, and the obtained FSR is 4.6 nm, which is 16 times larger than the FSR of the single microring biosensor demonstrated in our previous work. Moreover, the sensitivity can also be amplified by 16-fold, thanks to the Vernier effect.
关键词： Vernier effect,polymer waveguide,microring biosensor,nanoimprint
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Functionalized polymer waveguide optical switching devices integrated with visible optical amplifiers based on an organic gain material
摘要： In this work, polymer waveguide based optical switching devices integrated with visible optical amplifying waveguides based on an organic gain material are designed and fabricated. The gain compound is a red emissive oligomer, with good dispersibility in organic polymer matrices. Optical characteristics and thermal stabilities of the active polymer waveguide core and cladding materials are analyzed. Optical gain of the amplifier operating at 650 nm red signal wavelength with 0.1 mW input power is found to be over 3.5 dB under only 1.6 mW pumping power with 532 nm green excitation light. The on-off response time of the integrated thermo-optic switch applied is measured to be 600 μs, with switching extinction ratio of 20 dB and electric switching power of 18.5 mW. The integrated switching device capable of optical gain will be suitable for applications to optical communications at the visible wavelength range involving plastic optical fiber systems.
关键词： Optical amplifier,Optical switch,Polymer waveguide,Fluorene-based oligomer
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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OPTICAL BIOSENSORS PROSPECTIVE BASED ON BRAGG GRATING POLYMER WAVEGUIDE
摘要： In this work, we demonstrate the potential of Bragg grating polymer waveguide as an optical biosensor. Visible wavelength region at 650 nm is used as a centre wavelength because it is commonly used in biological and chemical sensing for both label and label-free sensing. The Bragg polymer waveguide structure is simulated using RSoft optical design and analysis software. The results show that there is a transmission drop with a 3 dB bandwidth of 661.0 nm when the surrounding refractive index is 1.33. The specific wavelength (transmission drop) is shifted to 724.2 nm when we increased the surrounding medium into 1.43 to mimic the bioanalytes solution. Simulation result shows that the wavelength shift was approximately 63.2 nm for every 0.1 increasing of surrounding refractive index. The Bragg grating polymer waveguide was fabricated by using electron beam lithography. Then, the fabricated devices were easily integrated within microfluidic systems in order to validate the wavelength shift. From the experiments, the wavelength shift occurred approximately 20.3 nm over 0.1 increment of refractive index. The discrepancies were likely due to the accumulation of sucrose solution on top and sidewall of the sensing area, the insertion loss between input and output coupling of the waveguide interface that induced the noise to signal ratio. Where we know that, is impossible to happen in simulation. Thus both simulation and experimental results strongly indicate that Bragg grating polymer waveguide structure at visible wavelength region have a potential for label or label-free optical biosensing applications.
关键词： simulation,label-free sensing,polymer waveguide,Optical biosensor,Bragg grating
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Metal-Printing Defined Thermo-Optic Tunable Sampled Apodized Waveguide Grating Wavelength Filter Based on Low Loss Fluorinated Polymer Material
摘要： In this work, thermo-optic (TO) lateral shift apodized sampled waveguide grating for 1550 nm wavelength is designed and fabricated by the metal-printing technique based on fluorinated epoxy-terminated polycarbonates (FBPA-PC EP) and fluorinated epoxy resin (FSU-8) materials. The optical characteristics and thermal stability of the FBPA-PC EP and FSU-8 materials are analyzed. To realize periodic wide-spectrum filtering and suppress the side-lobes of grating, a lateral shift apodized sampled waveguide grating is proposed. The 3 dB bandwidth and wavelength spacing can reach 4.8 nm and 9.7 nm. The side-lobe suppression ratio of proposed device can reach 22.6 dB, which is much better than traditional Bragg grating (6.1 dB). Driving electrical powers of 42.4 mW and 87.2 mW can produce blueshifts of 1.8 nm and 3.5 nm in the measured reflection spectrum, respectively. This device realizes the aim of multiple functions, including periodic filtering, wide-spectrum filtering, and high side-lobe suppression. The device is applicable of realizing signal processing and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM )systems.
关键词： fluorinated polymer waveguide,sampled grating,reflect spectrum side-lobes suppression,lateral shift apodized grating
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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On-chip integrated optical switch based on polymer waveguides
摘要： Optical polymer is one of the promising materials for photonic integrated devices that can be processed with simple, flexible and semiconductor compatible technology. Especially, optical polymer with the advantages of high thermo-optic (TO) and electro-optic (EO) coefficients has been widely applied in optical waveguide switches. However, most of the current optical switches are independent with single function. It is essential to develop an on-chip integrated device with multilayer for signal manipulation. In this paper, we propose an on-chip 3-dimensional integrated optical switch based on the EO polymer-clad waveguide incorporate with the TO tunable vertical coupler. The proposed integrated optical switch could realize the function-integration of the adjustable 3D optical connection and the high-speed modulation. A typical fabricated switch shows an insertion loss of 16.3 dB and an extinction ratio of 16.0 dB at the driving power of 48.2 mW. The dynamic characteristics of TO and EO switching functions of the device were also measured in this work.
关键词： Polymer waveguide,Thermo-optic effect,Electro-optic effect,Optical communication,Optical switch
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT) - Ankara, Turkey (2019.10.11-2019.10.13)] 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT) - Effects of Polymer Thickness and Frequency on the TE-Mode Using Slab Waveguide
摘要： Modern technologies in microwave frequencies apply single or multi polymer material to enhance their performance. This paper focuses on studying a specific type of polymers which is Garlock. It deals with single Garlock layer in dielectric slab waveguide. Moreover, it studies the effects of increasing applied electromagnetic waves on TE-modes using Garlock slab waveguide with various layer thickness separately. It was shown that each mode has specific parameters. The propagation wave number and attenuation value slightly increases with increasing frequency, and decreases the effective skin depth. On the other hand, the cut-off wave number and cut-off frequency fix for each mode in a constant Garlock thickness. It is clear as stated in simulation results that increasing Garlock thickness leads to decrease the cut-off wave number and cut-off frequency for a specific mode, and increase the propagation wave number and attenuation.
关键词： Slab dielectric,Polymer,Waveguide,Garlock,X-Band,Cut-off frequency
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52