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TiO2 Coated ZnO Nanorods by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition for Application as Photoanodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
摘要： In this study, a mist chemical vapor deposition method was applied to create a coating of titanium dioxide particles in order to fabricate ZnO/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures. The thin layers of titanium dioxide on the zinc oxide nanorods were uniform and con?rmed as pure anatase phase. The morphological, structural, optical and photoluminescence properties of the ZnO/TiO2 core–shell structures were in?uenced by coating time. For instance, the crystallinity of the titanium dioxide increased in accordance with an increase in the duration of the coating time. Additionally, the thickness of the titanium dioxide layer gradually increased with the coating time, resulting in an increased surface area. The transmittance of the arrayed ZnO/TiO2 core–shell structures was 65% after 15 min of coating. The obtained ZnO/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures demonstrated high potentiality to serve as photoanodes for application in dye-sensitized solar cells.
关键词： chemical bath deposition,titanium dioxide,core–shell nanorods,mist chemical vapor deposition,zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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w-ZnO nanostructures with distinct morphologies: Properties and integration into dye sensitized solar cells
摘要： Herein, we report the cost-e?ective and single-step reaction strategies for the synthesis of distinct morphology of ZnO namely, nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanowires involving co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods. Powder X-Ray di?raction analysis indexed nine distinct peaks which correspond to the w-ZnO for all the synthesized nanostructures. The formation mechanism of nanostructures are proposed, in which the role of surfactants (polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium dodecyl sulfate) and the oriented self-assembly are taken into account. The Raman spectral analysis of the nanostructures con?rms the presence of highly intense E2 high phonon vibrational modes corresponding to the movement of O-atoms and Zn sub-lattices of w-ZnO respectively. The prepared yellowish ZnO nanowires reveal intensi?cation in optical absorption and shrinkage in band gap due to increased oxygen vacancies in the sample. The quenching of green luminescence in the photo-luminescence spectrum of the nanowire further con?rms the oxygen vacancies. All the nanostructures were integrated into dye sensitized solar cells as photoanode materials. The photovoltaic parameters and electrochemical charge transfer properties of the fabricated dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were evaluated by using photocurrent density-photovoltage curves and Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies. Due to the presence of large pore size in nanowires and nanotubes, the dye in?ltration and electrolyte di?usion rates are high and cause the highest photocurrent densities of 1.714 mA cm?2 and 1.813 mA cm?2 respectively. The speci?c hollow tube like nanostructures is channelizing the photo-injected electrons directly to the collector electrode and results in high photovoltaic conversion e?ciency of 1.109%. High value of charge transfer resistance across the ZnO/dye/electrolyte interfaces in nanocapsule and nanoparticle based DSSCs enforce low conversion e?ciency to the devices.
关键词： Growth mechanism,Band gap narrowing,Dye sensitized solar cells,Zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The role of cation and anion dopant incorporated into a ZnO electron transporting layer for polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells
摘要： Doping is a widely-implemented strategy for enhancing the inherent electronic properties of charge transport layers in photovoltaic devices. A facile solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and various cation and anion-doped ZnO layers were synthesized via the sol–gel method and employed as electron transport layers (ETLs) for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The results indicated that all PSCs with doped ZnO ETLs exhibited better photovoltaic performance compared with the PSCs with a pristine ZnO ETL. By exploring the role of various anion and cation dopants (three compounds with the same Al3+ cation: Al(acac)3, Al(NO3)3, AlCl3 and three compounds with the same Cl? anion: NH4Cl, MgCl2, AlCl3), we found that the work function changed to favor electronic extraction only when the Cl anion was involved. In addition, the conductivity of ZnO was enhanced more with the Al3+ cation. Therefore, in inverted solar cells, doping with Al3+ and Cl? delivered the best power conversion efficiency (PCE). The maximum PCE of 10.38% was achieved from the device with ZnO doped with Al+ and Cl?.
关键词： electron transport layers,Al3+ cation,polymer solar cells,doping,Cl? anion,photovoltaic performance,power conversion efficiency,sol–gel method,zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Self-assembled highly porous rugby-like hierarchical ZnO thin film formaldehyde gas sensor
摘要： A new rugby-like ZnO thin film was self-assembled via a hydrothermal method and the influences of the hydrothermal temperature on crystal growth and gas sensing properties of ZnO thin films were investigated. The results showed that the highly porous rugby-like ZnO crystals were self-assembled via thin fan-shape sheets with abundant nanopores formed by interconnected the smaller nanoplates when the hydrothermal temperature was 140 (cid:1)C. Its specific surface area value reached 45.0 m2 g(cid:3)1. The sensor exhibited an excellent gas sensing response, a good selectivity towards formaldehyde and quick response characteristics at the optimum working temperature of 250 (cid:1)C.
关键词： self-assemble,zinc oxide,gas sensing property,rugby-like hierarchical nanostructure
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Lossy Mode Resonance Generation on Sputtered Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Multimode Optical Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications in the 1.55 μm Wavelength Range
摘要： In this work, we demonstrated lossy mode resonance (LMR) generation in optical fiber structures based on multimode fibers coated with aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films. AZO thin films were deposited by using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. In order to exhibit the usefulness of the LMR effect for sensing applications in optical fiber based systems, the deposition conditions of the AZO film coatings were set to obtain the second LMR order within the 1.55 μm wavelength range. An optical transmission configuration setup was used to investigate the LMR effect on fiber structures based on the use of no-core and cladding-removed multimode fibers coated with AZO films synthesized from metallic sputtering targets with different proportions of Zn:Al, 92:8% and 98:2%, at atomic concentrations. The optical and electrical/chemical features of the AZO films were characterized with UV–vis and XPS spectroscopy, respectively. The optical response of the proposed sensing configuration to refractive index (RI) variations was experimentally demonstrated. For the best approach, the sensitivity of wavelength displacement to RI variations on the liquid surrounding media was found to be 1214.7 nm/RIU.
关键词： multimode fiber,lossy mode resonance,optical fiber sensors,reactive RF magnetron sputtering,aluminum-doped zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Stronger Reductive Environment in Solvothermal Synthesis Leads to Improved Ga Doping Efficiency in ZnO Nanocrystals and Enhanced Plasmonic Absorption
摘要： The key parameter for degenerated semiconductor oxide plasmonic nanocrystals is the doping level. Hydrothermal and solvothermal approaches are considered to be less effective toward achieving high concentration of aliovalent donor dopants in a host oxide when compared to other synthesis methods that use long chain hydrocarbon solvents, fatty acids, and fatty amines as precursors. Because of this, although they have several advantages such as sustainability, ease of use, relatively inexpensive reagents and apparatus, and reduced environmental impact, they are excluded from the list of potential synthesis methods. Herein, an effective Zn2+ substitution with aliovalent Ga3+ in the ZnO host lattice is demonstrated, and it is achieved by increasing the reductive power of the solvothermal synthesis conditions by either solvent substitution or the addition of reducing agents. This increase results in an increased oxidation affinity of the medium. This in turn promotes Ga3+ incorporation into the ZnO lattice, by skewing the reaction equilibrium toward oxygen evolution.
关键词： plasmonic resonance,semiconductor nanocrystals,gallium-doped zinc oxide,degenerated oxide semiconductor nanocrystals
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Degradation of Mg-doped zinc oxide buffer layers in thin film CdTe solar cells
摘要： Cadmium Sulphide is the conventional n-type bu?er layer used in thin ?lm Cadmium Telluride solar cells. It is well known that Cadmium Sulphide causes optical losses and sulphur di?uses into the absorber during high temperature activation. Sputter-deposited Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) has been shown to be an attractive bu?er layer for Cadmium Telluride solar cells due to its transparency and tuneable band gap. It is also stable to high temperature processing and avoids di?usion of elements into the cadmium telluride absorber during the cadmium chloride activation treatment. However, degradation is observed in solar cells incorporating MZO bu?er layers. Analysis of the MZO ?lm surface potential has revealed signi?cant ?uctuations in the thin ?lm work function once the layer is exposed to the atmosphere following deposition. These ?uctuations are attributed to the high reactivity to water vapour of the MgO contained in the MZO ?lms. This has been analysed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to determine corresponding changes in the surface chemistry. The Zinc Oxide component is relatively stable, but the analysis shows that MgO forms a Mg(OH)2 layer on the MZO surface which forms a secondary barrier at the MZO/CdTe interface and/or at the interface between MZO and the Fluorine-doped SnO2. This a?ects the Fill Factor and as a consequence it degrades the conversion e?ciency.
关键词： Surface contamination,Degradation,Thin ?lm solar cells,Cadmium telluride,Magnesium-doped zinc oxide,Hydroxide,Bu?er
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes in Parallel
摘要： In this study, both zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanosheets were deposited by hydrothermal growth on ?uorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. After a photoanode was added to ZnO nanorods or AZO nanosheets, the photovoltaic conversion e?ciency (PCE) increased due to improved electron transport and enhanced dye absorption. The improvement in electron transport was veri?ed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the increase in dye absorption was veri?ed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Both of these factors facilitated an increase in PCE. Parameters for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using ZnO nanorods/TiO2 and AZO nanosheets/TiO2 photoanodes were tested and the results were recorded using EIS. The results indicated that the addition of the ZnO nanorods increased the short-circuit current density (Jsc) from 9.07 mA/cm2 to 10.91 mA/cm2, the open circuit voltage (Voc) from 0.68 V to 0.70 V, and the PCE from 3.70% to 4.73%, respectively. When the DSSCs were produced in a parallel silver-grid device, the results showed that PCE could be increased from 3.67% to 4.04% due to the reduction in connection resistance.
关键词： titanium dioxide (TiO2),dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs),parallel connection,aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Radiation Hardness of Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Electrode Under Proton Irradiation
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained increasing interest for space applications. However, before they can be deployed into space, their resistance to ionizing radiations, such as high-energy protons, must be demonstrated. Herein, the effect of 150 keV protons on the performance of PSCs based on aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is investigated. A record power conversion efficiency of 15% and 13.6% is obtained for cells based on AZO under AM1.5G and AM0 illumination, respectively. It is demonstrated that PSCs can withstand proton irradiation up to 1013 protons cm?2 without significant loss in efficiency. From 1014 protons cm?2, a decrease in short-circuit current of PSCs is observed, which is consistent with interfacial degradation due to deterioration of the Spiro-OMeTAD holes transport layer during proton irradiation. The structural and optical properties of perovskite remain intact up to high fluence levels. Although shallow trap states are induced by proton irradiation in perovskite bulk at low fluence levels, charges are released efficiently and are not detrimental to the cell’s performance. This work highlights the potential of PSCs based on AZO TCO to be used for space applications and gives a deeper understanding of interfacial degradation due to proton irradiation.
关键词： space,aluminum-doped zinc oxide,perovskite solar cells,proton irradiation
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Preparation and characterization of hematite nanoparticles-decorated zinc oxide particles (ZnO/Fe2O3) as photoelectrodes for solar cell applications
摘要： Because of the socio-environmental and economic impacts of the use of fossil fuels, the demand for the diversi?cation of the energy matrix has increased. Energy devices utilizing renewable energy such as solar cells stand out as a possible solution to this problem. Therefore, in order to realize the practical applications of solar cells, it is imperative to develop novel structural materials and to optimize the properties of the existing ones. In this study, we prepared a photoelectrode using hematite-decorated zinc oxide particles (ZnO/Fe2O3). The ?eld-emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller results con?rmed that Fe2O3 coated the surface of the ZnO particles and improved their photoelectrochemical properties. The composite was found to be a promising photoelectrode for solar cells.
关键词： Hematite nanoparticles,Photoelectrodes,Zinc oxide particles,Solar cell applications,Energy materials
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04