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Device Fabrication Based on Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition (oCVD) Synthesis of Conducting Polymers and Related Conjugated Organic Materials
摘要： Conducting polymers (CPs) combine electronic conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical flexibility compatible with lightweight substrates. Due to these features CPs exhibit promising performance for a wide range of applications including electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, optochemical, and energy storage and harvesting devices. Fabrication of high-quality CPs thin film in a large scale is of high demand in multiple industrial sectors. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising approach for scale-up and commercialization of CPs in large-scale thin film applications by a roll-to-roll process. The CVD technique is a versatile deposition technique for fabricating CPs due to its unique combination of characteristics, including formation of conformal coatings, processing at low temperatures, solvent-free synthesis, uniformity of growth, mechanical flexible films, industrial scale-up, and substrate-independence. This review focuses primarily on the oxidative CVD technique for the fabrication of CPs and related conjugated polymers by emphasizing on their applications in devices.
关键词： conducting polymers (CPs),oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD),conjugated polymers
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Variable-Temperature Resonance Raman Studies to Probe Interchain Ordering for Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers with Different Chain Curvature
摘要： The morphology and crystallinity of the polymers used to fabricate bulk heterojuction (BHJ) solar cells significantly influences the efficiency of the cells. We have used variable-temperature (VT) spectroscopy techniques, namely VT emission and VT resonance Raman spectroscopy (VT-RRS), to examine how the backbone linearity of a conducting polymer affects its electronic response to temperature and variations in solution behavior. We have studied two types of donor–acceptor polymers used in BHJ cells with differing backbone structures; they are poly-{5,6-bis(tetradecyloxy)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole} (PTBT) which has a curved and poly-{5,6-bis(tetradecyloxy)-4-(thieno[3,2-b]-thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole} (PTTBT) which has a linear chain structure. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and resonance Raman spectra (RRS) of PTTBT revealed the presence of three electronic transitions, with character that varies between p to p*, mixed p to p*/charge transfer and pure charge transfer in nature. Emission spectra of PTTBT showed spectral changes at 650 and 710 nm with varied temperature ((cid:2)10 to 60 8C). Variable-temperature RRS was measured in resonance with the lowest and highest energy electronic transitions. The changes were interpreted using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. PTTBT showed gradual shifts to lower wavenumbers of modes at around 1425, 1450 and 1500 cm(cid:2)1. For PTBT larger and more rapid spectral changes are observed at 1440 and 1460 cm(cid:2)1 consistent with greater variation in the electronic nature upon heating. Further study into the influence of polymer linearity on crystallinity and long range order was carried out using low-frequency Raman (LFR) to examine drop cast films under a variety of different conditions. LFR spectra showed that PTTBT has a band at 73 cm(cid:2)1. This is observed under a variety of film-forming conditions. PTBT does not show distinct low frequency modes, consistent with its low crystallinity.
关键词： resonance Raman spectroscopy,low-frequency Raman,long range order,variable temperature,conducting polymers
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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An eco-friendly method to enhance optical and electrical properties of conducting polymers by means of carboxymethyl cellulose
摘要： In this work, an eco-friendly method is proposed for the electro-synthesis of conductive polymers with superior optical and electrical properties by means of CMC in aqueous media. For this purpose, an aqueous dispersion of a water-insoluble monomer namely 4-amino-N-[2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]benzamide (TPB) has been prepared by attaching it to CMC via hydrogen bonds and the conductive composite film (PTPB–CMC) has been obtained by electropolymerization. The TPB monomer has been chosen to interact with the CMC via hydrogen bonds which ensures to obtain dispersion with the CMC and also increase the compatibility of its polymer in the composite structure. As a result of the electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical investigation and surface morphology analyses of the obtained conductive polymer, it has been found that anionic CMC makes improvements in the electrical, optical and mechanical properties of the polymer by making the plasticizing effect and acting as a dopant. Furthermore, in the presence of nanocarbon materials on electrode surface, it has been determined that the polymerization potential reduced and more stable and long-lasting polymeric films which are crucial for technological applications have been obtained.
关键词： Electrochemical polymerization,Composite materials,Conducting polymers,Carboxymethyl cellulose
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Electrochemical properties of PEDOT: PSS /V2O5 hybrid fiber based supercapacitors
摘要： Binary conducting polymer (CP)/transition metal oxides (TMOs) fiber-based supercapacitors (FSCs) are considered to possess good electrochemical performance and cyclic stability compared with unitary ones since TMOs within FSCs can prevent the structure damage of CP during charge/discharge cycles to some extent. In this study, the CP/TMOs hybrid fibers are made by directly injecting the solution into capillary. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate /30 wt% vanadium pentoxide (PEDOT: PSS/30 wt% V2O5) fiber-based electrode has good electrochemical performance and cyclic stability (cycle retention: 94.02% after 4000 cycles at 0.1 mA/cm2). The energy density of the PEDOT: PSS/30 wt% V2O5 fiber in gel electrolyte is 1.37 μWh/cm2 at power density of 20 μW/cm2, which is much lower than the one in organic electrolyte (21.46 μWh/cm2 at power densities of 162.5 μW/cm2). Therefore, the method developed in this work induces good electrochemical performance for hybrid FSCs and promotes scalable fabrication of FSCs.
关键词： transition metal oxides,supercapacitor,Conducting polymers,electrochemical performance,hybrid fiber
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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The Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT Material: An Innovative Bulk Material for Sensor Devices
摘要： The synthesis of a new bulk material based on silicon oxide and poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), the Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT material, is carried out. The main purpose is to obtain a bare conducting material, aided by statistical experimental design, able to be used as transducer for electrochemical devices. This new material tries also to solve out the degradation and fouling drawbacks related to PEDOT-based layer devices by simply polishing its surface in a gently way. The resulting Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT material shows excellent electrochemical properties, renewable surface and stability by using simple, low cost, and versatile synthesis method. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that this kind of bulk material is reported. The resulting material was characterized by different techniques: SEM, EDS and Raman spectroscopy. Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT was also electrochemically characterized for the assessment of the electrochemical performance of the resulting sensor device. Ascorbic acid was selected as reference analyte, obtaining good sensitivity and limit of detection: 319.8 μA mM-1cm-2 and 6.42 μM, respectively, in the concentration range 0.01–3.45 mM. Furthermore, repeatability and reproducibility studies (RSD<3%), were also very satisfactory. Finally, the Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT sensor was successfully applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in a pharmaceutical formulation and biological samples, obtaining good recovery percentage (95–105%).
关键词： electrochemical properties,sensor devices,Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT,conducting polymers,ascorbic acid
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Impact of Alkyl Side Chain Length on Doping Kinetics, Thermopower and Charge Transport Properties in Highly Oriented F4TCNQ-Doped PBTTT films
摘要： Doping of polymer semiconductors such as PBTTT with acceptor molecules such as F4TCNQ is widely used to tune the charge transport and thermoelectric (TE) properties in thin films. However, the mechanism of dopant insertion in the polymer matrix, the insertion kinetics and the ultimate doping levels reached have been investigated only marginally. This contribution addresses the impact of alkyl side chain length on the doping mechanism of a series of PBTTTs with linear side chains ranging from n-octyl to n-octyldecyl. The study focuses on thin films oriented by high temperature rubbing and sequentially doped in F4TCNQ solution. Structure-property correlations are established as a function of side chain length by a combination of Transmission Electron Microscopy, polarized UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and charge transport / thermopower measurements. Intercalation of F4TCNQ into the layers of side chains results in the expansion of the lattice along the side chains and the contraction along the π-stacking direction for all polymers. The extent of lattice expansion decreases with increasing side chain length. UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy demonstrates integer charge transfer for all investigated PBTTTs. The doping kinetics and final doping level depend on both the side chain length and packing. Highly disordered n-octyl and crystalline n-octyldecyl side chain layers tend to hamper dopant diffusion in the side chain layers contrary to n-dodecyl side chains that can host the highest proportion of dopants. Consequently, the best TE properties are observed for C12-PBTTT films. Alignment of the polymers enhances significantly the TE performance by increasing the charge conductivity and the thermopower along the rubbing direction. Aligned films of C12-PBTTT show charge conductivities of 193 S/cm along the rubbing direction and power factors of approximately 100 μW.m-2.K-1 versus a few μW.m-2.K-1 for non-oriented films.
关键词： Thin films,Structure,Organic Thermoelectric,Conducting Polymers,Doping.
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Synthesis and Properties of Novel Thiophene-Based Liquid Crystalline Conducting Polymers
摘要： Side-chain liquid crystalline polythiophenes were synthesised and the effects of the mesogenic units on the structure and electronic properties of the polymers were studied. The liquid crystal properties of the polymer films were studied using polarised hot-stage optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry was used to investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the monomers and polymers.
关键词： Polythiophene,Conducting polymers,Liquid crystals,X-ray diffraction,Magnetic field
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Electrochromism: a fascinating branch of electrochemistry
摘要： This lecture on electrochromism and electrochromic devices starts with a short introduction to the field. This is followed by an overview of the different classes of electrochromic materials, in which each class is illustrated by some typical examples. The third part deals with some basic parameters to assess electrochromic compounds and devices. After this, we discuss the different types of electrochromic devices or elements, again always illustrated by some examples. Manufacturing considerations and real-world practical application examples of electrochromics are the topics of the last two parts of this lecture.
关键词： Electrochromic devices,Transition metal oxides,Electrochromism,Conducting polymers,Smart windows
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Charged solitons in branched conducting polymers
摘要： We consider the dynamics of charged solitons in branched conducting polymers, such as, e.g., trans-polyacetylene. An effective model based on the sine-Gordon equation on metric graphs is used for computing the charge transport and scattering of charge carriers at the polymer branching points. The condition for the ballistic charge carrier transport is revealed.
关键词： metric graphs,charged solitons,charge transport,branched conducting polymers,ballistic transport,sine-Gordon equation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Spectroscopic and Quantum-Chemical Studies of Halogen-Containing Derivatives of Poly-N-Epoxypropylcarbazole
摘要： The results of a study of the optical properties of conducting polymers, namely, derivatives of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole (PEPC) with heavy atoms, are presented. It is shown that a heavy atom in the structure of a polymer molecule leads to bathochromic shifts in the absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra. This is a consequence of a decrease in the energy of the electron levels due to a change in the electron density distribution over the π-electron system in the chromophores of 2IPEPC and 3BrPEPC. Two bands can be distinguished in the fluorescence spectra of PEPC with heavy atoms, just as in the parent polymer. The emission band with a maximum at 380 nm belongs to the monomer luminescent centers and the long-wavelength emission with a maximum at about 420 nm to the polymer excimers. A heavy atom changes the ratio of the intensities of the monomer and excimer bands. The fluorescence lifetimes also decrease in the presence of a heavy atom. Quantum-chemical estimation of the intramolecular transition constants has shown that the probability of the singlet–triplet intercombination conversion in the halogen-containing PEPCs is higher in PEPC. This leads to a markedly stronger phosphorescence of the iodine and bromine-containing polymers and a shorter luminescence lifetime. The obtained results can be used in the development of composite materials based on photoconductive polymers for photovoltaics and optoelectronics.
关键词： optoelectronics,phosphorescence,conducting polymers,poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole,fluorescence,heavy atoms,bathochromic shifts,photovoltaics,quantum-chemical estimation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21