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Variable-deceleration-ratio wide-acceptance-angle electrostatic lens for two-dimensional angular and energy analysis
摘要： Variable-deceleration-ratio wide-acceptance-angle electrostatic lens (VD-WAAEL) is proposed as a potential technique for two-dimensional angular and energy analysis. The basic features of the lens are studied using the charge simulation method and ray tracing calculation. The lens uses an ellipsoidal mesh electrode and allows a wide acceptance angle of ±50?. Two possible applications of the VD-WAAEL are discussed. One is a simple combination of the VD-WAAEL-projection-lens, in which an aperture is used for energy analysis. The other is a combination of the VD-WAAEL with a conventional electron spectrometer, which is responsible for obtaining higher energy resolution. The former is discussed in detail and the latter is described brie?y. While the ray tracing calculation is only for the case of an ideal mesh, a note on the disturbing effect of mesh holes is presented. The best possible energy resolution of the simple VD-WAAEL-projection-lens analyzer seems to be around 1/1000, given a ?ne mesh electrode to suppress the disturbing effect of mesh holes.
关键词： energy analysis,electrostatic lens,Variable-deceleration-ratio,two-dimensional angular,wide-acceptance-angle
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Facile Synthesis and Controllable Emission of Tm <sup>3+</sup> /Er <sup>3+</sup> -Doped and -Co-doped α-NaYbF <sub/>4</sub> Upconversion Nanocrystals
摘要： Tm3+, Er3+-doped and -co-doped α-NaYbF4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route with oleic acid as the capping agent. Experimental results showed that the doped NaYbF4 nanoparticles possessed a cubic phase with the average size of ～13 nm. Upon excitation by a 980 nm laser, the as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited blue and red upconversion emissions corresponding to the monodoped Tm3+, Er3+ in the cubic-phase NaYbF4, respectively, and intense green and red emissions in the Tm3+/Er3+-co-doped NaYbF4 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the possible energy transfer mechanism among Yb3+/Tm3+/Er3+ in α-NaYbF4 nanoparticles was also proposed. The cell toxicity test revealed that the as-synthesized upconversion nanoparticles possessed remarkably low cytotoxicity. All of the advantageous features including facile synthesis, controllable emission, and low cytotoxicity make the upconversion nanoparticles promising for multicolor bioimaging and anti-counterfeiting applications.
关键词： anti-counterfeiting applications,multicolor bioimaging,upconversion nanocrystals,hydrothermal synthesis,energy transfer mechanism,α-NaYbF4,low cytotoxicity,Tm3+/Er3+-doped
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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AIP Conference Proceedings [Author(s) SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems - Santiago, Chile (26–29 September 2017)] - Following electron impact excitation of single(58Ce, 59Pr, 60Nd, 61Pm, 62Sm, 63Eu, 64Gd, 65Tb, 66Dy, 67Ho) atom M subhell ionization cross sections by using Lotz’s equations
摘要： M shell and M subshells ionization cross sections(σM) and σMi(i = 1,.,5) following electron impact on single(Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho)atoms calculated. By using Lotz's equation in Matlab σMand σMi cross section values obtained for 12 electron impact energies Eoi in EMi≤Eo<5EMi range for each atom. Lotz’s parameters and special commands used for each σMi calculations. Starting allmost from Eo = EMi values; σMi and σMi are increasing rapidly with Eo. For a fixed Eo ≈ 3.5EMi while Z value increases from 58≤Z≤67 σM and σMi decrease with Z. Results show that for Eovalues close to EMi values, characteristic x-ray yields formation of Mi(i = 1,.,5) subshells decreases while competing other events (Auger electrons, Coster-Kronig transitions) are increase. These results will also help to understand some results which obtained from other electron-atom impact studies on σMi subshells.
关键词： Electron impact on single atom,Near Mi subshells threshold energy region.,Mi subshells ionization cross sections of single Ce to Tb
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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The Phase1 CMS Pixel detector upgrade
摘要： The pixel detector of the CMS experiment will be replaced in an extended end-of-year shutdown during winter 2016/2017 with an upgraded one able to cope with peak instantaneous luminosities beyond the nominal LHC instantaneous luminosity of 1 × 1034 cm?2 s?1. Under the conditions expected in the coming years, which will see an increase of a factor two in instantaneous luminosity, the present system would experience a dynamic ine?ciency caused mainly by data losses due to bu?er over?ows. The Phase I upgrade of the CMS pixel detector, described in this paper, will operate at full e?ciency at an instantaneous luminosity of 2 × 1034 cm?2 s?1 and beyond, thanks to a new readout chip. The new detector will feature one additional tracking point both in the barrel and in the forward regions, while reducing the material budget as a result of a new CO2 cooling system and optimised layout of the services. In this paper, the design and the technological choices of the Phase I detector will be reviewed and the status of the construction of the detector and the performance of its components will be discussed.
关键词： Particle tracking detectors,Radiation-hard detectors,Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors,Si microstrip and pad detectors
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Physically based Diagonal Treatment of the Self-Energy of Polar Optical Phonons: Performance Assessment of III-V Double-Gate Transistors
摘要： We propose a diagonal approximation for the self-energy that describes the interaction between electrons and polar optical phonons in the framework of nonequilibrium Green’s function transport simulations. Our model is based on the definition of a scaling factor, which renormalizes the local electron-phonon coupling, to take into account the nonlocality of the interaction and provide the correct scattering rates. While previous studies relied on empirical values of this factor, we derive, from basic physical relationships, analytical expressions in the presence of the one- and two-dimensional confinement of phonons. We apply our model to the self-consistent simulation of double-gate p-type transistors made of technologically relevant III-V materials (InAs, InSb, and GaSb). Their performance is benchmarked, for different crystallographic orientations and strain constraints, against the corresponding Si and Ge devices. We find that the electron-polar optical phonon scattering plays a major role in degrading the performance of the III-V devices and typically results in a widening of the performance gap existing between III-V and Si or Ge devices in ballistic transport conditions.
关键词： nonequilibrium Green’s function,electron-phonon scattering,double-gate transistors,self-energy,III-V materials,polar optical phonons
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE ANDESCON - Santiago de Cali, Colombia (2018.8.22-2018.8.24)] 2018 IEEE ANDESCON - Solar Energy Supply for the Rural Parish GAD's of Ecuador
摘要： In the present article a design of a photovoltaic solar system will be made for the electric power supply in the 790 GAD's Parish facilities of Ecuador, the designed system will start working when the connection to the public network or by unforeseen cuts of electric power, a situation that is very recurrent in rural areas of Ecuador and through this system the continuity of the service to the inhabitants of the corresponding jurisdiction is guaranteed. It is a very interesting purpose since the National Government should promote this type of initiatives in a medium term, due to the change of the productive matrix in correspondence with the National Plan a Lifetime and the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador of 2009 where the State considers electric power services as a basic service.
关键词： Parish GAD,simulation,renewable energy,productive matrix,COOTAD,rural electrification,good living
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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A Robust Power Management Strategy with Multi-mode Control Features for an Integrated PV and Energy Storage System to take the Advantage of ToU Electricity Pricing
摘要： In this paper, a power management strategy (PMS) for an integrated residential solar photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage unit (ESU) is proposed for both grid-connected and islanded operations to take advantage of time-of-use pricing. This is an effective solution to integrate storage and renewable energy sources, such as solar PV, with the conventional grid to improve the reliability and efficiency of the power system and to reduce the total electricity cost for the consumer. An automatic switching control strategy is proposed to realize a smooth switching among the various operation modes of the proposed energy management strategy. The integrated PV-storage system is composed of a 5 kW PV arrays, a 3.5kWh ESU formed by 12V single lead acid batteries, and three power converters. The PMS ensures seamless switching of the ESU converter between the charging and the discharging mode and seamless switching between the inverting and the rectifying mode of the grid converter. It also ensures that the local loads are supplied when the grid fails. An experimental setup has been implemented in the laboratory using the real time FPGA GPIC (General Purpose Inverter Control) card from National Instrument to verify the practical feasibility of the proposed PMS under the various scenarios of the PV irradiation, load changings and the state of charge of the energy storage unit. The results show that the proposed PMS is effective and robust against various scenarios.
关键词： energy storage unit (ESU),photovoltaic (PV) generation,Power management system strategy (PMS)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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SOI Thin Microdosimeter Detectors for Low Energy Ions and Radiation Damage Studies
摘要： The responses of two silicon on insulator (SOI) 3D microdosimeters developed by the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) were investigated with a range of different low energy ions, with high linear energy transfer (LET). The two microdosimeters n-SOI and p-SOI were able to measure the LET of different ions including 7Li, 12C, 16O and 48Ti with ranges below 350 μm in silicon. No plasma effects were seen in the SOI microdosimeters when irradiated with the high LET ions. A Monte Carlo simulation using Geant4 was compared to the experimental measurements, whereby some discrepancies were observed for heavier ions at lower energies. This discrepancy can be partly attributed to uncertainties in the thickness of the energy degraders and overlayers of the devices. The microdosimetric measurements of low energy 16O ions were obtained and compared to a therapeutic 16O ion beam. The radiation hardness of the two devices was studied using the Ion Beam Induced Charge Collection technique (IBIC). Both types of microdosimeters when biased had no essential changes in charge collection efficiency (CCE) in the SV after irradiation with low energy ions.
关键词： LET,radiation damage,SOI microdosimeters,Geant4 simulation,low energy ions,IBIC
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Ionization-Excitation of Helium-Like Ions at Compton Scattering
摘要： Ionization of helium-like ions with simultaneous excitation of the ns-states due to photon scattering is considered. The differential and total cross sections of the process are calculated to leading order of perturbation theory with respect to the electron–electron interaction. The formulas obtained are applicable in the nonrelativistic energy range far beyond the ionization threshold.
关键词： Nonrelativistic energy range,Excitation,Helium-like ions,Ionization,Compton scattering
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Effect of a-Si thin film on the performance of a-Si/ZnO-stacked piezoelectric energy harvesters
摘要： In this letter, we present the fabrication and characterization of a zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanogenerator for piezoelectric micro-energy harvesting by combining thin films of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and ZnO. We utilized the a-Si thin film as an interlayer to assemble several a-Si/ZnO-stacked piezoelectric nanogenerators (SZPNGs) on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene naphthalate substrates. We investigated the influence of the a-Si layer thickness on the output voltages of the SZPNGs and demonstrated the existence of an optimal a-Si thickness for maximizing the output voltage. Overall, the SZPNGs generated higher output voltages than a conventional ZnO-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (ZPNG) lacking an a-Si interlayer, indicating enhanced performance. In particular, the SZPNG based on the optimal a-Si thickness exhibited a sixfold higher output voltage compared with the conventional ZPNG. This improved performance was ascribed to a combination of the Schottky barrier at the ITO/a-Si interface, preventing the screening effect and the relatively high dielectric constant (er≈13) of a-Si, minimizing the loss of the piezoelectric potential induced in the ZnO layer. The results herein are expected to assist the development of even more advanced ZnO-based piezoelectric nanogenerators in the future.
关键词： piezoelectric energy harvesting,zinc oxide,amorphous silicon,Schottky barrier,nanogenerator
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14