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Ambient air-processed mesoscopic solar cells based on methylammonium and phenethylammonium quasi-2D/3D perovskites
摘要： The instability of perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions leads many scientific groups to produce their solar cell devices under controllable, yet, expensive conditions. In this work, a mesoscopic solar cell device produced under ambient air/temperature conditions and relatively high humidity is presented. The active material is based on methylamine, phenethylamine, lead(II) iodide and lead(II) chloride. Furthermore, a bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium (Li-TFSI) salt layer was used as a dopant onto mesoscopic TiO2, while the hole-transport material used was the popular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) polymer. All layers were deposited by simple spin coating technique, while the whole process took place under 40–60% relative humidity–ambient conditions. The sequential deposited perovskite layer was built by a 3D mixed halide (CH3NH3)3PbI3Cl2 layer on top of a mixed 3D/Quasi-2D perovskite (CH3NH3)3PbI3Cl2–(C8H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)2Pb3I10 layer. These specific perovskites were used to take advantage of the well-known power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the mixed halide perovskite based on methylamine, and the proven reproducibility and stability of the phenethylamine-based perovskites, especially under non-controllable conditions. The champion mesoscopic device presented a PCE of 13.22%, with short circuit current density (JSC) of 23.67 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1034 mV and fill factor (FF) 0.54.
关键词： Mesoscopic structure,Methylamine–phenethylamine mixed cations,Hybrid organic–inorganic semiconductors,Ambient conditions,Perovskites,Mesoporous solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Life cycle assessment of hole transport free planara??mesoscopic perovskite solar cells
摘要： Organo-metal lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) attract attention due to their low cost and high power conversion efficiency. Some weak points of this technology are short lifetime, instability, and expensive metal electrode deposition. Eliminating the unstable hole transport layer (HTL) and using carbon-based materials as the counter electrode would address both. In this work, we present a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of two HTL-free PSC designs, which use solution phase deposition to achieve mesoscopic and planar structures. Environmental impacts of producing 1 m2 PSCs are converted to impacts per kWh electricity generation assuming 5 years of operational lifetime. We find that major impacts come from fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass patterning due to the electricity consumption of FTO patterning and glass cleaning processes. Even though the electricity consumption when manufacturing both PSCs is similar, their different efficiencies make the environmental impacts per kWh of electricity higher for the mesoscopic PSC than for the planar PSC. Energy payback time values of planar PSCs and mesoscopic PSCs are 0.58 and 0.74 years, respectively, and these values are shorter than those of commercial first and second generation solar cells. However, the global warming potential (GWP) values of planar and mesoscopic PSCs are 75 and 94 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, and these values are still higher than those of commercial solar cells. To reach the GWP of commercial cells, the operational lifetime would have to be 8 and 10 years for planar and mesoscopic PSCs, respectively.
关键词： mesoscopic,environmental impacts,HTL-free,life cycle assessment,planar,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Mesoscopic study of thermal behavior, fluid dynamics and surface morphology during selective laser melting of Ti-based composites
摘要： A mesoscopic simulation based on the randomly packed powder bed model was developed to study the thermal behaviors during selective laser melting (SLM) of Ti-based composites. Effects of processing parameters on the thermal behavior, fluid dynamics and surface morphology evolution within the molten pool were investigated. The obtained results revealed that the operating temperature, cooling rate and melt lifetime were highly enhanced as the laser power was increased. Meanwhile, the increased molten pool dimensions, the turbulent fluid flows, the improved escaping rate of the entrapped gas and the efficient rearrangement of reinforcing particles within the molten pool appeared at the application of the high laser power. At the optimized processing parameters, the peak of the operating temperature profile located in the laser and powder interaction area was apparently disappeared with the formation of the maximum temperature of 3300 K and, the mean operating temperature of the platform caused by the heat accumulation was as high as 1300 K. Moreover, the surface morphology of the molten pool predicted by the simulation showed a variation from continuous pores to fragments, then to the typical and regular liquid front, and finally to the turbulent liquid front and spatter and balling phenomenon as the laser power increased. At the laser power of 200 W and laser energy density of 140 J/m, the maximum velocity was located in the front and rear region and, the velocity vector located in the melt advanced front pointed to the rear region of the molten pool, indicating that the melt from the irradiation region would complete the efficient melt supplement and avoid the formation of residual pores and therefore, a good and flat surface with few spatters was obtained with the clear liquid front. The simulated surface morphology was found to be consistent with the experimental measurements.
关键词： Surface morphology,Thermodynamics,Mesoscopic simulation,Selective laser melting,Titanium matrix composite
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Carbon-based, novel triple cation mesoscopic perovskite solar cell fabricated entirely under ambient air conditions
摘要： In the past, various reports on Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have presented significant results. However, due to stability issues, scale-up drawbacks and high fabrication costs, scientists turned their focus on PSCs with a simpler structure, based on carbon electrodes. In this work, we report a carbon-based PSC, embedding a novel, triple cation perovskite, created after combining Methylammonium Iodide (MAI), 5-Aminovaleric Acid Iodide (5-AVAI) and Lead(II) Iodide (PbI2) along with Phenethylammonium Iodide (PEAI) salt. In our Hole Transport Layer (HTL) free device, the perovskite was infiltrated through the conductive porous carbon cathode layer, which is deposited on top of compact/mesoporous TiO2 (c-TiO2/mp-TiO2) and mesoporous insulating ZrO2 (mp-ZrO2) layers, with all processes being carried out under ambient conditions and high relative humidity (40-60%). Finally, the perovskite films (5-AVA)x(MA)1-xPbI3 and (5-AVA)x(PEA)x(MA)1-xPbI3+x are optically/structurally characterized and the electrical performance of the corresponding devices is examined.
关键词： Triple Cation,Mesoscopic Solar Cell,Carbon Electrode,Perovskites,Ambient Conditions
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Double-Mesoscopic Hole-Transport-Material-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: Overcoming Charge-Transport Limitation by Sputtered Ultra-Thin Al <sub/>2</sub> O <sub/>3</sub> Isolating Layer
摘要： The electrically insulating space layer takes a fundamental role in monolithic carbon-graphite based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and it has been established to prevent the charge recombination of electrons at the mp-TiO2/carbon-graphite (CG) interface. Thick 1 μm printed layers are commonly used for this purpose in the established triple-mesoscopic structures to avoid ohmic shunts and to achieve a high open circuit voltage. In this work, we have developed a reproducible large-area procedure to replace this thick space layer with an ultra-thin dense 40 nm sputtered Al2O3 which acts as highly electrically insulating layer preventing ohmic shunts. Herewith, transport limitations related so far to the hole diffusion path length inside the thick mesoporous space layer have been omitted by concept. This will pave the way towards the development of next generation double-mesoscopic carbon-graphite based PSCs with highest efficiencies. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements show the presence of fully oxidized sputtered Al2O3 layer forming a pseudo-porous covering of the underlying mesoporous layer. The thickness has been finely tuned for the achievement of both electrical isolation and optimal infiltration of the perovskite solution allowing full percolation and crystallization. Photo voltage decay, light-dependent and time-dependent photoluminescence measurements showed that the optimal 40 nm thick Al2O3 not only prevents ohmic shunts but also efficiently reduces the charge recombination at the mp-TiO2/CG interface and, at the same time, allows efficient hole diffusion through the perovskite crystals embedded in its pseudo-pores. Thus, stable VOC of 1 V using CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite has been achieved under full sun AM 1.5 G with stabilized device performance of 12.1%.
关键词： Perovskite solar cells,Al2O3 Space layer,Double-mesoscopic,Carbon-graphite,HTM-free,Sputtering,Interface recombination
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Evaluation for multiple processing parameters in selective laser melting based on an integration of mesoscale simulation and experiment method
摘要： Selection reasonable processing parameters for the metallic product by selective laser melting (SLM) is a significant issue to improve the performance of the final product. The optimization for the performance of the product is caused by the comprehensive effect of multiple processing parameters instead of a single parameter. It is urgent to propose a method for evaluating this comprehensive effect, furthermore, providing reasonable processing parameters. In this study, the mesoscopic features (molten pool morphology, free surface, porosity distribution, etc.) under different processing parameters are analyzed. Meanwhile, a powder scale thermal-fluid coupled model is established considering the randomly distributed powder bed and the complex physical phenomena within the molten pool. The simulation results are compared with the results characterized by multiple experimental methods. The integration of simulation and experiment results show that a fast scanning velocity or a large hatch spacing would decline the quality of the final product. A high energy density could decrease the roughness of the free surface but increase the porosity. Selecting a moderate energy density through a comprehensive comparison of multiple indicators is critical to evaluate the quality of metallic products by SLM.
关键词： mesoscopic features,comprehensive effect,multiple processing parameters,integration of simulation and experiment,selective laser melting
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - Rome, Italy (2019.6.17-2019.6.20)] 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - Interaction between Microwave and Mesoscopic Circuits in Cavity-circuit Quantum Electrodynamics
摘要： Mesoscopic electric circuits can exhibit a large number of effects relevant to quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics and quantum statistics. The topic presented here can be identified as an analog of conventional cavity quantum electrodynamics, where the quantum objects are multilevel atoms and quantized optical fields (photons), namely, a theoretical subject called “cavity-circuit quantum electrodynamics”, where the atoms are replaced with quantum mesoscopic circuits, will be developed. We will study the quantum characteristics of the interaction between the quantum mesoscopic circuits and the quantized electromagnetic field at microwave frequencies. These issues include quantum entangled eigenstates of two coupled mesoscopic circuits, time evolution of the circuit energy quanta (governed by the time-dependent Schr?dinger equation) and entanglement transfer between external photons and mesoscopic circuit energy quanta. Since there is inevitable electromagnetic interaction such as mutual capacitance and inductance coupling between two neighboring circuits, the quantum effects resulting from the aforementioned quantized circuit coupling would unavoidably affect the relevant processes in quantum computing devices and hence they deserve consideration in some issues of quantum information.
关键词： Quantum computing,Microwave photons,Quantum entanglement,Mesoscopic circuits,Quantum electrodynamics
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Electrons in Solids (Mesoscopics, Photonics, Quantum Computing, Correlations, Topology) || 4. Correlated electrons in complex transition metal oxides
摘要： In the previous chapters of this book, we have discussed the consequences of quantum mechanics on the properties of solid state electrons mostly on the single or two particle level. This revealed the important influence of the phase of the electronic wave functions in mesoscopic electronic transport and a general understanding of the optical properties of solids, where the interaction between the electrons led only to relatively simple modifications such as the excitonic binding energy ERyd,X or the dielectric constant of the material ε. In addition, we have learned how to gain an unprecedented control of the quantum mechanical properties, including the dynamics, for single-electron and two-electron systems in spin qubits or in many-particle states in superconducting qubits. There, the electron-electron interaction was mostly used as an exchange coupling or as a classical repulsive energy for read-out.
关键词： spin qubits,electron-electron interaction,mesoscopic electronic transport,excitonic binding energy,superconducting qubits,dielectric constant,solid state electrons,quantum mechanics,optical properties of solids
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Higha??Efficiency Lowa??Temperaturea??Processed Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells from SnO <sub/>2</sub> Nanorod Selfa??Assembled Microspheres
摘要： Mesoporous scaffolds in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can accelerate the formation of heterogeneous nucleation sites, leading to enhanced quality of perovskite films and uniform perovskite coverage over large areas. Nevertheless, the mesoporous electron transport layers (ETLs) can effectively compensate for the drawback of shorter electron diffusion lengths than their hole counterparts. Therefore, most mesoscopic PSCs usually show superior photovoltaic performance to their planar counterparts. However, mesoporous ETLs, particularly those prepared with metal oxide nanocrystals, often require a high-temperature sintering process for the removal of residual organics and the improved crystallization of metal oxides. Here, a novel emulsion-based bottom-up self-assembly strategy is used to prepare sizable SnO2 microspheres from oleic acid capped SnO2 nanorods. Combined with an in-situ ligand-stripping strategy, the low-temperature solution-processed mesoscopic PSCs can achieve efficiency as high as 21.35% with slight hysteresis and good reproducibility. In particular, the emulsion-based bottom-up self-assembly strategy is a general way for preparing microspheres from several kinds of semiconductor nanocrystals, so it will greatly expand the material selection range for preparing efficient mesoscopic PSCs and even inverted mesoscopic devices.
关键词： mesoscopic perovskite solar cells,in situ ligand stripping,low-temperature process,SnO2 nanorod self-assembled microspheres
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Amide Additives Induced Fermi Level Shift for Improved Performance of Hole-Conductor-Free, Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Solution-processable organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention in the past few years. Energy level alignment is of great importance for performance improvement of perovskite solar cells since it greatly influences charge separation and recombination processes. In this report, we introduce three amide additives, namely, formamide, acetamide, and urea into MAPbI3 perovskite by mixing them directly in perovskite precursor solutions. The Fermi level of MAPbI3 shifts from -4.36 eV to -4.63 eV, -4.65 eV and -4.61 eV respectively with these additives. The charge transfer between perovskite and mp-TiO2 is found to be promoted via TRPL spectra and the recombination process in perovskite is suppressed. As a result, the built-in electric field (Vbi) of the printable, hole-conductor-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on these perovskites with amide additives is enhanced and a highest power conversion efficiency of 15.57% is obtained.
关键词： amide additives,Fermi level shift,printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52