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Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection || Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment
摘要： Cancer is one of the most fatal diseases next only to cardiovascular diseases spread all around the globe, and it is the third most fatal disease in India. Environmental factors such as chemicals, UV light, tobacco products, X-rays, viruses, and disturbance in oncogenes are the factors which induce mutations that are inheritable and result in cancer. PDT comprises of three essential components: photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen. Oxygen in the form of reactive oxygen species can be toxic and may lead to cell death via necrosis or apoptosis. PDT is a two-stage procedure. Administration of a light-sensitive PS is followed by irradiation of tumor loci with a light of appropriate wavelength. This chapter describes about oncogenes and role of photodynamic therapy in treatment of oncogenes.
关键词： Cancer and light,Photosensitizer,Oncogenes,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Elucidating the mode of action for thiophene-based organic D-π-A sensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive, selective, and cost-effective cancer therapy. The development of readily accessible templates that allow rapid structural modification for further improvement of PDT remains important. We previously reported thiophene-based organic D-π-A sensitizers consisted of an electron-donating (D) moiety, a π-conjugated bridge (π) moiety, and an electron-accepting (A) moiety as valuable templates for a photosensitizer that can be used in PDT. Our preliminary structure-activity relationship study revealed that the structure of the A moiety significantly influences its phototoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the photoabsorptive, cellular uptake, and photo-oxidizing abilities of D-π-A sensitizers that contained different A moieties. The level of phototoxicity of the D-π-A sensitizers was rationalized by considering those three abilities. In addition, we observed the ability of amphiphilic sensitizers containing either a carboxylic acid or an amide in an A moiety to form aggregates that penetrate cells mainly via endocytosis.
关键词： Organic dye,Photodynamic therapy,Sensitizer,Singlet oxygen,Endocytosis
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Benzyl ester dendrimer silicon phthalocyanine based polymeric nanoparticle for in vitro photodynamic therapy of glioma
摘要： A novel second generation benzyl ester dendrimer silicon phthalocyanine (D-SiPc) was synthesized and encapsulated into amphiphilic block copolymers to form polymeric nanoparticles (D-SiPc@m). The cellular uptake and subcellular localization of D-SiPc@m in U251 glioma cells were studied by confocal laser scanning imaging. The cellular uptake of D-SiPc@m into U251 glioma cells reached the peak after being treatment for 6 h, and D-SiPc@m was localized into both mitochondria and lysosomes. The photodynamic efficacy of D-SiPc@m against U251 glioma cells was evaluated. D-SiPc@m exhibited high photo-cytotoxicity toward U251 glioma cells under laser irradiation. This polymeric nanoparticle could be a promising candidate for therapy of glioma.
关键词： polymeric nanoparticle,subcellular localization,photodynamic therapy,glioma,silicon phthalocyanine
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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A novel pro-apoptotic role of zinc octacarboxyphthalocyanine in melanoma me45 cancer cell's photodynamic therapy (PDT)
摘要： Zn-based phthalocyanine acts as drug or photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cancer cells. The activated zinc octacarboxyphthalocyanine (ZnPcOC) reacts with oxygen, to generate reactive oxygen species for the damage of melanoma cancer cells, Me45. This in vitro study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of ZnPcOC activated with a diode laser (λ=685 nm) on Me45, and normal human fibroblast cells, NHDF. To perform this study 104 cells/ml were seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to attach overnight, after which cells were treated with different concentrations of ZnPcOC (10, 20 and 30 μM). After 4 h, cells were irradiated with a constant light dose of 2.5; 4.5 and 7.5 J/cm2. Post-irradiated cells were incubated for 24 h before cell viability was measured using the MTT viability assay. Data indicated that high concentrations of ZnPcOC (30 μM) in its inactive state are not cytotoxic to the melanoma cancer cells and normal fibroblasts. Moreover, the results showed that photoactivated ZnPcOC (30 μM) was able to reduce the cell viability of melanoma and fibroblast to about 50%, respectively. At this photosensitizing concentration the efficacy the treatment light dose of 2.5; 4.5 and 7.5 J/cm2 was evaluated against Me45 cells. ZnPcOC at a concentration of 30 μM activated with a light dose of 2.5; 4.5 and 7.5 J/cm2 was the most efficient for the killing of melanoma cancer cells. Melanoma cancer cells after PDT with a photosensitizing concentration of 30 μM ZnPcOC and a treatment light dose of 2.5; 4.5 and 7.5 J/cm2 showed certain pro-apoptotic characteristics, such as direct inducer (early apoptosis) and long-term inducer, also (late apoptosis). This concludes that low concentrations of ZnPcOC, activated with the appropriate light dose, can be used to induce cell death in melanoma cells via ROS-induces apoptosis pathway, what was confirmed with cytometric ROS measurements. Our in vitro study showed that ZnPcOC mediated photodynamic therapy is an effective treatment option for melanoma Me45 cancer cells. 30 μM of ZnPcOC with the treatment light dose of 2.5 J/cm2 from a LED diode laser source, with a wavelength of 685 nm, was adequate to destroy melanoma cancer cells via ROS-induced apoptosis pathway, with low killing effects on healthy NHDF normal fibroblasts.
关键词： photosensitizers,zinc octacarboxyphthalocyanine (ZnPcOC),UV-Vis spectra,pro-apoptotic activity,photodynamic therapy (PDT),reactive oxygen species (ROS),melanoma Me45 cancer cells
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Shedding light on photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma
摘要： The recognition of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an effective treatment of cancers was due, in large part, to the studies of Thomas Dougherty and his colleagues at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, started in the 1970s.1 In those studies, intravenous porphyrin derivatives and visible light were used. Topical PDT treatment, currently widely performed in dermatology, uses topically applied 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) or ALA esters.2,3 ALA is converted to protoporphyrin IX in the epidermis. On exposure of protoporphyrin IX to its absorption spectrum in the visible light range, oxygen-dependent phototoxic reaction occurs resulting in cytotoxicity.
关键词： cosmesis,basal cell carcinoma,photodynamic therapy,treatment,dermatology
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Enhancements of Cancer Cell Damage Efficiencies in Photothermal and Photodynamic Processes through Cell Perforation and Preheating with Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoring
摘要： The methods of cell perforation and preheating are used for increasing cell uptake ef?ciencies of gold nanorings (NRIs), which have the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength around 1064 nm, and photosensitizer, AlPcS, and hence enhancing the cell damage ef?ciency through the photothermal (PT) and photodynamic (PD) effects. The perforation and preheating effects are generated by illuminating a defocused 1064-nm femtosecond (fs) laser and a defocused 1064-nm continuous (cw) laser, respectively. Cell damage is produced by illuminating cell samples with a focused 1064-nm cw laser through the PT effect, a focused 1064-nm fs laser through both PT and PD effects, and a focused 660-nm cw laser through the PD effect. Under various conditions with and without cell wash before laser illumination, through either perforation or preheating process, cell uptake and hence cell damage ef?ciencies can be enhanced. Under our experimental conditions, perforation can be more effective at enhancing cell uptake and damage when compared with preheating.
关键词： cell perforation,photothermal therapy,photodynamic therapy,cell preheating,surface plasmon resonance
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Hybrid Nanomedicine Fabricated from Photosensitizer-Terminated Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy and Hypoxia-Activated Cascade Chemotherapy
摘要： During photodynamic therapy (PDT), severe hypoxia often occurs as an undesirable limitation of PDT owing to the O2-consuming photodynamic process, compromising the effectiveness of PDT. To overcome this problem, several strategies aiming to improve tumor oxygenation are developed. Unlike these traditional approaches, an opposite method combining hypoxia-activated prodrug and PDT may provide a promising strategy for cancer synergistic therapy. In light of this, azido-/photosensitizer-terminated UiO-66 nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (UiO-66-H/N3 NMOFs) which serve as nanocarriers for the bioreductive prodrug banoxantrone (AQ4N) are engineered. Owing to the effective shielding of the nanoparticles, the stability of AQ4N is well preserved, highlighting the vital function of the nano-carriers. By virtue of strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition, the nanocarriers are further decorated with a dense PEG layer to enhance their dispersion in the physiological environment and improve their therapeutic performance. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that the O2-depleting PDT process indeed aggravates intracellular/tumor hypoxia that activates the cytotoxicity of AQ4N through a cascade process, consequently achieving PDT-induced and hypoxia-activated synergistic therapy. Benefiting from the localized therapeutic effect of PDT and hypoxia-activated cytotoxicity of AQ4N, this hybrid nanomedicine exhibits enhanced therapeutic efficacy with negligible systemic toxicity, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy.
关键词： hypoxia-activated prodrugs,cascade therapy,nanoscale metal–organic frameworks,banoxantrone,photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Enhanced photo/chemo combination efficiency against bladder tumor by encapsulation of DOX and ZnPC into in situ-formed thermosensitive polymer hydrogel
摘要： Background: Chemotherapy after transurethral resection is commonly recommended for bladder cancer. However, studies have shown that chemotherapy solely can hardly decrease progression rates of bladder cancer. The combination of chemotherapeutic agents with photodynamic therapy (PDT), a new promising localized therapy, may become a workable strategy for combating bladder cancer. This study reports the combination of doxorubicin (DOX)-based chemotherapy and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC)-based PDT using in situ-formed thermal-responsive copolymer hydrogel. Materials and methods: The copolymer was synthesized by polymerization of 3-caprolactone, 1,4,8-trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-undecanone and poly(ethylene glycol) and was abbreviated as PCL-PTSUO-PEG. The thermal-responsive nanoparticles (TNPs) were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technology. The thermal-responsive hydrogel was formed after 37°C heating of TNP solution. The size, morphology and dynamic viscosity of hydrogel were detected. The in vitro drug release profile of TNP/DOX/ZnPC was performed. Cell uptake, cell inhibition and ROS generation of TNP/DOX/ZnPC were studied in 5637 cells. The in vivo antitumor activity of TNP/DOX/ZnPC was evaluated in nude mice bearing 5637 cells xenograft. Results: TNP/DOX and TNP/ZnPC had an average diameter of 102 and 108 nm, respectively. After being heated at 37°C for 5 minutes, TNP/DOX and TNP/ZnPC solution turned uniform light red and dark green hydrogel. ZnPC encapsulation designed by TNP could significantly improve its aqueous solubility to 1.9 mg/mL. Cell inhibition showed that the best cell inhibition was found, with cell viability of 18.5%, when the weight ratio of DOX and ZnPC encapsulated in the TNP reached about 1:5. TNP/DOX/ZnPC generated relative high level of ROS with 4.8-fold of free ZnPC and 1.6-fold of TNP/ZnPC. TNP/DOX/ZnPC showed only 8-fold of relative tumor growth without obvious toxicity to the mice. Conclusion: Thermosensitive thermal-responsive hydrogel reported in this contribution are promising in situ-formed matrix for DOX- and ZnPC-based photo/chemo combination treatment for bladder cancer therapy.
关键词： chemotherapy,photodynamic therapy,thermosensitive,bladder cancer,combination therapy,hydrogel
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Amorphous Quantum Nanomaterials
摘要： In quantum materials, macroscopic behavior is governed in nontrivial ways by quantum phenomena. This is usually achieved by exquisite control over atomic positions in crystalline solids. Here, it is demonstrated that the use of disordered glassy materials provides unique opportunities to tailor quantum material properties. By borrowing ideas from single-molecule spectroscopy, single delocalized π-electron dye systems are isolated in relatively rigid ultra-small (<10 nm diameter) amorphous silica nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that chemically tuning the local amorphous silica environment around the dye over a range of compositions enables exquisite control over dye quantum behavior, leading to efficient probes for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). The results suggest that efficient fine-tuning of light-induced quantum behavior mediated via effects like spin-orbit coupling can be effectively achieved by systematically varying averaged local environments in glassy amorphous materials as opposed to tailoring well-defined neighboring atomic lattice positions in crystalline solids. The resulting nanoprobes exhibit features proven to enable clinical translation.
关键词： photodynamic therapy (PDT),optical super-resolution microscopy,organic dyes,amorphous silica nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/Sphingosine act as Photodynamic Therapy-Elicited Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: Release from Cells and Impact on Tumor-Associated Macrophages
摘要： A recent finding showed that ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) become exposed on the surface of cells treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and acquire the capacity to act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). To explore this further, the present study examined whether ceramide and S1P can be released from PDT-treated cells and investigated changes in the levels of these sphingolipids in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) left in contact with PDT-treated tumor cells. Mass spectroscopy-based analysis detected increased levels of C16-ceramide and dihydroC16-ceramide in media supernatants from SCCVII cells collected three hours after they were treated by PDT, compared to untreated cell supernatants. While no release of S1P was detected, elevated levels of its precursor sphingosine were found in the supernatants of PDT-treated cells. The co-incubation of TAMs-containing primary cultures derived from mouse SCCVII tumors with PDT-treated SCCVII cells was followed by ceramide and S1P analysis in these cells based on staining with specific antibodies and flow cytometry. Levels of both ceramide and S1P as well as inflammasome protein NLRP3 were found to rise in TAMs when they were co-cultured with PDT-treated SCCVII cells, while no significant change was seen with cancer cells. Such changes were induced also in TAMs incubated with supernatants from PDT-treated cells. The findings of the present study affirm the potential of sphingolipids including ceramide, S1P, and sphingosine to act, either exposed on cell surface or released in the microenvironment, as DAMPs in the response of tumors to PDT.
关键词： Sphingosine,Photodynamic therapy,Sphingolipid metabolism-modulating drugs (SMMDs),Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),Ceramide,Sphingosine-1-phosphate
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14