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Experimental performance of a highly-innovative low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier with integrated range-booster
摘要： Integrated charge-sensitive preamplifiers suffer from a reduced available dynamic range respect to discrete-type equivalents. This is due to the limits on maximum supply voltages that modern scaled technologies can tolerate. In this work we present a low-noise low-power integrated charge-sensitive preamplifier (CSP) for solid-state detectors. This device is equipped with an integrated range-booster that can enhance the spectroscopic range of the preamplifier by more than one order of magnitude, enabling high-resolution spectroscopy even if the preamplifier is in deep saturation condition. If the input signals from the detector are under the natural saturation threshold (40 MeV), the preamplifier works in an usual linear way, producing at the output the typical exponential signals. With proper filtering a resolution of approximately 1 keV is achievable. When a large signal from the detector saturates the preamplifier, a sensing circuit detects the saturation and switches the operation mode of the CSP to the “fast-reset mode”. In this mode a constant and controlled current generator discharges the input node of the preamplifier until the normal operating point is reached. Meanwhile an auxiliary circuit similar to a TAC (Time-to-Amplitude converter) retrieves the energy of the signal that caused saturation. Although the natural dynamic range of the CSP is 40 MeV, the fast-reset mode enables for high-resolution spectroscopy (under 0.2% FWHM) up to several hundreds of MeV (700 MeV typically). One issue in this kind of circuits is the dependence of the energy measured with the TAC circuit on the baseline value of the CSP before the “fast-reset event” [5]. As a solution to this problem we propose a correction algorithm implemented inside the TAC block in the form of an analog circuit. On a test-bench a series of large 3 pC charge signals is injected in the input node of the preamplifier through a test capacitor. Before these events, residual charges ranging from 0 to 0.56 pC produce non-zero baseline voltages at the output of the CSP. The TAC with correction not only retrieves correctly the energy of the main event, but also rejects the baseline voltages, leaving the energy measurement unaffected. The fluctuations of the flat-top voltage in the signals produced by the auxiliary TAC circuit due to the different baseline voltages are under the 0.6% of the total signal amplitude.
关键词： Front-end electronics for detector readout,VLSI circuits,Analogue electronic circuits,Electronic detector readout concepts (solid-state)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Testbeam results of irradiated ams H18 HV-CMOS pixel sensor prototypes
摘要： HV-CMOS pixel sensors are a promising option for the tracker upgrade of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, as well as for other future tracking applications in which large areas are to be instrumented with radiation-tolerant silicon pixel sensors. We present results of testbeam characterisations of the 4th generation of Capacitively Coupled Pixel Detectors (CCPDv4) produced with the ams H18 HV-CMOS process that have been irradiated with different particles (reactor neutrons and 18 MeV protons) to fluences between 1 × 10^14 and 5 × 10^15 1-MeV- neq/cm^2. The sensors were glued to ATLAS FE-I4 pixel readout chips and measured at the CERN SPS H8 beamline using the FE-I4 beam telescope. Results for all fluences are very encouraging with all hit efficiencies being better than 97% for bias voltages of 85 V. The sample irradiated to a fluence of 1 × 10^15 neq/cm^2 — a relevant value for a large volume of the upgraded tracker — exhibited 99.7% average hit efficiency. The results give strong evidence for the radiation tolerance of HV-CMOS sensors and their suitability as sensors for the experimental HL-LHC upgrades and future large-area silicon-based tracking detectors in high-radiation environments.
关键词： Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors),Solid state detectors,Radiation-hard detectors,Electronic detector readout concepts (solid-state)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Addressing of imperfection of a hybrid pixel sensor for X-ray detection with a circuit for charge sharing cancellation implemented
摘要： A developing trend in the design of event-driven sensors for X-ray detection are hybrid pixel detectors working in the single photon counting mode. The factors limiting detector performance, especially for small pixel sizes, include among others, mismatch of circuit components due to process variations, electronic noise and charge sharing. Charge sharing in a hybrid pixel detector occurs when the charge generated in X-ray photon interaction with a sensor is collected by more than one pixel. Charge sharing effect may significantly impair the detector energy resolution and result in counting extra events or missing some of the events. The impact of the charge sharing increases with a decrease of the pixel sizes. The small pixel size is a desired feature of a novel hybrid X-ray detector, as it allows better spatial resolution and helps to overcome the high count rate limits by accepting more photons per unit area. Therefore, the charge sharing effect must be dealt with by a dedicated readout IC or processed off-chip. Minimization of the analog parameters dispersion in the pixel matrix is crucial for the circuits designed for charge sharing cancellation. The chip’s sensitivity to the analog parameters spread and mitigation of the performance achieved with the digital correction blocks are studied. The DC offsets and gains spread can be optimized using correction circuits and dedicated trimming algorithms. Detection efficiency in case of charge sharing for the corrected and uncorrected pixel matrix is addressed. The simulation results as well as pencil beam measurements using synchrotron radiation are presented.
关键词： Front-end electronics for detector readout,Analogue electronic circuits,Digital electronic circuits
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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X-ray imaging demonstration of glass GEM detector with dynamic time-over-threshold-based readout
摘要： Large-scale detection is one of the important roles for gaseous detectors to play in high-energy physics. In many cases, energy resolving multi-channel readout is required. Recent micro-pattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs) have finer pitches or pixels; hence, large-sized detectors have thousands of readout channels. In those cases, it becomes important to reduce the scale and complexity of the readout circuit while keeping its energy resolving capability. The signal processing technique called dynamic time-over-threshold (dynamic ToT, dToT) achieves both the good conversion linearity from analog to digital signal and the compact circuit scale compared with conventional analog-to-digital-converter (ADC)-based readout. In this study, we developed and demonstrated a dToT-based readout circuit for glass gas electron multiplier (glass GEM, G-GEM). The readout circuit showed better linearity than that of normal ToT. We demonstrated the readout circuit by X-ray imaging with the charge-division scheme. The good linearity of the readout circuit enabled imaging over a 100 × 100 mm2 area with small distortion. We expect that the dToT-based readout would be a promising candidate for the future readout of large-scaled MPGDs.
关键词： Digital electronic circuits,Electronic detector readout concepts (gas, liquid),Analogue electronic circuits,Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM, RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Evaluation of the optical cross talk level in the SiPMs adopted in ASTRI SST-2M Cherenkov Camera using EASIROC front-end electronics
摘要： ASTRI (Astrofisica con Specchi a Tecnologia Replicante Italiana), is a flagship project of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research whose main goal is the design and construction of an end-to-end prototype of the Small Size of Telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. The prototype, named ASTRI SST-2M, will adopt a wide field dual mirror optical system in a Schwarzschild-Couder configuration to explore the VHE range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The camera at the focal plane is based on Silicon Photo-Multipliers detectors which is an innovative solution for the detection astronomical Cherenkov light. This contribution reports some preliminary results on the evaluation of the optical cross talk level among the SiPM pixels foreseen for the ASTRI SST-2M camera.
关键词： Front-end electronics for detector readout,Gamma detectors,Cherenkov detectors,Gamma telescopes
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Time Projection Chamber (TPC) detectors for nuclear astrophysics studies with gamma beams
摘要： Gamma-Beams at the HI??S facility in the USA and anticipated at the ELI-NP facility, now constructed in Romania, present unique new opportunities to advance research in nuclear astrophysics; not the least of which is resolving open questions in oxygen formation during stellar helium burning via a precise measurement of the12C(??, ??) reaction. Time projection chamber (TPC) detectors operating with low pressure gas (as an active target) are ideally suited for such studies. We review the progress of the current research program and plans for the future at the HI??S facility with the optical readout TPC (O-TPC) and the development of an electronic readout TPC for the ELI-NP facility (ELITPC).
关键词： Gamma-beams,Time Projection Chamber,Optical readout,Stellar helium burning,Nuclear astrophysics,Electronic readout
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Development of the readout system for a time projection chamber prototype
摘要： A new GEM-TPC prototype with a laser calibration system is being designed to study the key issues of high-precision track detection whose aimed spatial resolution is better than 100 μm. Meanwhile, a readout system with scalability for the TPC is also being developed. Design of the readout system is based on the architecture of front-end ASICs and commercial ADCs for its advantages at high count rates. Given the requirement of several hundred channels, the system is composed of multiple front-end cards and DAQ boards. The DAQ boards are daisy-chained via bidirectional optical fibers, which transmit clock, trigger, data and control signals simultaneously. To achieve timing synchronization, the GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) firmware is employed to ensure fixed latency between the boards. This paper is focused on the design and setup of the DAQ system, including clock structure, trigger alignment, high-speed data acquisition, etc. The DAQ system consisting of 512 channels has been built, and tests have proved that the entire system works correctly and meets the expected requirements.
关键词： Trigger concepts and systems (hardware and software),Electronic detector readout concepts (gas, liquid),Modular electronics,Data acquisition concepts
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology & Application (RFID-TA) - Macau, Macao (2018.9.26-2018.9.28)] 2018 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology & Application (RFID-TA) - Referenced Backscattering Compression Level Indicator based on Passive UHF RFID Tags
摘要： We establish a passive UHF RFID tag as a sensor with a referenced readout to compression. We introduce the sensor tag design, which is based on a two-part split ring resonator antenna, and present the compression sensor platform with a reference tag. We analyze the achieved wireless measurement results and evaluate the performance of the compression sensing platform. Based on these initial measurements, passive RFID-based sensors could provide a maintenance-free wirelessly readable option for compression sensing, for example for structural health monitoring.
关键词： compression sensor,passive UHF RFID technology,referenced sensor readout
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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The CMS Beam Halo Monitor electronics
摘要： The CMS Beam Halo Monitor has been successfully installed in the CMS cavern in LHC Long Shutdown 1 for measuring the machine induced background for LHC Run II. The system is based on 40 detector units composed of synthetic quartz Cherenkov radiators coupled to fast photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The readout electronics chain uses many components developed for the Phase 1 upgrade to the CMS Hadronic Calorimeter electronics, with dedicated firmware and readout adapted to the beam monitoring requirements. The PMT signal is digitized by a charge integrating ASIC (QIE10), providing both the signal rise time, with few nanosecond resolution, and the charge integrated over one bunch crossing. The backend electronics uses microTCA technology and receives data via a high-speed 5 Gbps asynchronous link. It records histograms with sub-bunch crossing timing resolution and is read out via IPbus using the newly designed CMS data acquisition for non-event based data. The data is processed in real time and published to CMS and the LHC, providing online feedback on the beam quality. A dedicated calibration monitoring system has been designed to generate short triggered pulses of light to monitor the efficiency of the system. The electronics has been in operation since the first LHC beams of Run II and has served as the first demonstration of the new QIE10, Microsemi Igloo2 FPGA and high-speed 5 Gbps link with LHC data.
关键词： Cherenkov and transition radiation,Front-end electronics for detector readout,Beam-line instrumentation (beam position and profile monitors; beam-intensity monitors; bunch length monitors)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Simulation of digital pixel readout chip architectures with the RD53 SystemVerilog-UVM verification environment using Monte Carlo physics data
摘要： The simulation and verification framework developed by the RD53 collaboration is a powerful tool for global architecture optimization and design verification of next generation hybrid pixel readout chips. In this paper the framework is used for studying digital pixel chip architectures at behavioral level. This is carried out by simulating a dedicated, highly parameterized pixel chip description, which makes it possible to investigate different grouping strategies between pixels and different latency buffering and arbitration schemes. The pixel hit information used as simulation input can be either generated internally in the framework or imported from external Monte Carlo detector simulation data. The latter have been provided by both the CMS and ATLAS experiments, featuring HL-LHC operating conditions and the specifications related to the Phase 2 upgrade. Pixel regions and double columns were simulated using such Monte Carlo data as inputs: the performance of different latency buffering architectures was compared and the compliance of different link speeds with the expected column data rate was verified.
关键词： Front-end electronics for detector readout,Simulation methods and programs,Pixelated detectors and associated VLSI electronics
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29