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Late-stage Customization in Volume Production of Organic Photovoltaics
摘要： Organic photovoltaics (OPV) in free-form shapes have become a unique feature compared to other thin-film photovoltaic technologies. The ability to conform coated layers to any form of shape or structure is a game changer for OPV and creates a paradigm shift in conventional energy businesses. As urban growth prevails, the energy requirement must be compensated by modern means and OPVs provide unique properties where its form or shape can be fully customized. This creates a synergy as they are then easily integrated onto structures or even products. By doing so not only the space requirements are diminished but the energy is delivered directly to the point of use rather than having them transported from central harvesting. The present communication discusses the advances in realizing such free-from patterns by structuring the functional layers to shape after they have been deposited which is referred to as late-stage customization. Using this approach, a pre-coated generic OPV material can be converted into any design upon customer request. The advantages include easier planning, shorter lead times in production as well as paving the way towards lean manufacturing.
关键词： renewable energies,mass production,organic photovoltaics (OPV),laser scribing,slot-die coating,module customization,roll-to-roll fabrication,dielectric material
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Nested control loop design for differential boost inverter using generalized averaged model in photovoltaic applications
摘要： To use photovoltaic energy, voltage source inverters are playing an important role. The most of local AC loads such as AC motors need higher voltage than solar panel output voltage. Differential boost inverter produces an AC voltage that is greater than the DC input voltage in a single power stage. This inverter consists of two DC-DC bilateral boost converters in which work via time-variant duty cycles to produce sinusoidal voltage, and this feature causes complexity in control design. To deal with this complexity, new modeling so-called generalized averaged model is used to achieve a linear time-invariant model. In this paper, a nested control loop is designed. This control strategy consists of two control loops in which the inner loop is designed by linear quadratic regulator theory to displace poles in proper location and the second loop uses a PI-PR controller to track desired voltage and reject disturbances. To evaluate the proposed control method, the sliding mode controller is applied and compared as well. As shown by simulations, the proposed control strategy has more reliable performance and provides higher robustness in comparison with sliding mode control technique in rigid situations such as dealing with nonlinear load, parameters values changes, and external disturbances.
关键词： PI-PR,renewable energies,boost inverter,linear quadratic regulator,generalized averaged model
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Performance analysis of photovoltaic-thermal air collectors combined with a water to air heat exchanger for renewed air conditioning in building
摘要： In this work, a new solar system that includes photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) air collectors coupled to a water-to-air heat exchanger is investigated. The considered system generates sufficient energy for cooling and heating of the ambient air injected in a 300 m2 tertiary building and saves its total energy consumption. Therefore, it allows the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions of the building. A numerical model is developed to ensure comfortable temperatures during summer and winter, including days with the highest energy needs. The results show that the proposed system can generate the required heating and cooling needs using an airflow rate equal to 0.25 kg/s and a PVT area of 17 m2. It was found that the coupling of the PVT air collectors with a water to air heat exchanger minimizes the total required area for heating by ~ 33%. Moreover, the PV module’s efficiency was enhanced by 2.0% in winter and 5.1% in summer. The thermal energy saved for heating, thermal energy saved for cooling and the electrical energy saved are, respectively, equal to 15.30 kWh/day, 24.79 kWh/day, and 3.14 kWh/day. This represents an average emission reduction of 11.4 kg CO2 per day.
关键词： Water to air heat exchanger,Energy saving,Thermal comfort in buildings,Photovoltaic air collectors,Renewable energies,Greenhouse gas emissions
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Economic Sustainability Study of S?o Miguel Island in the Azores Using Photovoltaic Panels and Wind Turbines
摘要： Currently, the nine islands of the Autonomous Region of the Azores have fossil fuel power stations as their main source of electric power. Each island has an independent electrical system classified as an isolated micro-system, given its size and location. The goal of this study is to analyze the best set of technologies for a sustainable hybrid system. This study will be applied first on S?o Miguel to make the largest island of the archipelago 100% renewable. We will consider factors such as the island’s actual data production, economic scenarios, growth perspectives of consumption and reliability of supply.
关键词： renewable energies,energy consumption,isolated micro-network,forecasting method,network stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Control Strategy of the Pumped Storage Unit to Deal with the Fluctuation of Wind and Photovoltaic Power in Microgrid
摘要： With the development and utilization of distributed energy and microgrid, distributed energy storage has become a new development trend. However, small pumped storage units have the advantages of ?exible engineering location, low investment, quick e?ect, low requirements on transmission lines, and a better solution to the peak load demand of the system. Therefore, it is more and more used in the microgrid, and it conducts joint dispatching with wind power, photovoltaic, and other clean energies. To solve the capacity problem of small pumped storage units within the microgrid, a new control strategy is proposed in this paper. Two pumped storage units are used for joint operations. Taking the smoothed combined output power of wind power, photovoltaic power, and pumped storage power as the target, and considering the limitations of transmission lines, the constraints of wind power and photovoltaic power ?elds as well as the restrictions of pumped storage power units and corresponding reservoirs are taken into account. In this paper, social particle swarm optimization (SPSO) with improved weight is used to calculate and solve the model. The e?ectiveness of the new control strategy is veri?ed.
关键词： microgrid dispatch,particle swarm optimization,pumped storage unit,control strategy,renewable energies
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Snapshot of Photovoltaicsa??February 2020
摘要： Since the demonstration of the ?rst modern silicon solar cells at Bell Labs in 1954, it took 58 years until the cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity had reached 100 GW by the end of 2012. Then, it took another ?ve years to reach an annual installation capacity of over 100 GW in 2017 and close to 120 GW in 2019. As a consequence, the total world-wide installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity exceeded 635 GW at the end of 2019. Although it witnessed a 20% and 25% decrease in annual installations in 2018 and 2019, respectively, China was again the largest market with 30 GW of annual installations. The number of countries in the club with more than 1 GW annually has increased to 18 countries in 2019. The use of local battery storage systems in solar farms as well as decentralized photovoltaic electricity generation systems combined has again increased, due to the falling storage system costs.
关键词： technological development,policy options,photovoltaic,market development,renewable energies,battery storage,energy challenge
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) - Rio de Janeiro (2018.7.8-2018.7.13)] 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) - Estimation of global solar irradiance with LDR sensor and artificial neural network embedded in an 8-bit microcontroller
摘要： This work deals with the estimation of global solar irradiance in an embedded platform through the use of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor and its temperature. A prototype is built and has its values compared to the data obtained through a commercial pyranometer. An Multilayer Perceptron neural network is used to provide a non-linear regression between the voltage and temperature signals of the LDR on the commercial sensor irradiance data in a data analysis software. A regression with determination coef?cient of 96.466 % and with mean squared error of 0.04 was obtained. The neural network present in the embedded system has 100% accuracy in relation to the neural network present in the data analysis software used. The minimum response time of the prototype is 13.49 ms and its dissipated power is 27.2 mW, making the approach quite promising. This neural estimation, using simple sensors like the LDR, can help to reduce the cost of renewable energy applications and make it easier to implement.
关键词： solar irradiance,renewable energies,nonlinear regression,embedded systems,light dependent resistor,multilayer perceptron
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Regional economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy developments: Solar PV in the Aachen Region
摘要： The energy transition is a challenge that affects regions on various scales. This paper presents the economic chances of deploying the renewable energy technology solar photovoltaic in a German region. Total regional economic effects of 280 PV plants, installed in 2014 with a cumulative capacity of 3.7 MW, lead to a regional value added of approximately €3.8 million (€1019/kW installed, €57/MWh electricity generated) and employment effects of 42 full-time person years (11 person years/MW installed), occurring from 2014 to 2034. The avoided greenhouse gas emissions of these plants are 2365 tons CO2 equivalents per year (0.7 kgCO2-eq/kWh generated) and the avoided air pollution is 0.97 tSO2 per year, 1.48 tNOx per year, and 0.07 t NMVOCs per year in 2014. The total economic effects of regional value added, avoided CO2 emissions, and avoided air pollution per year in 2014 range from €0.8 million - €1 million or (€208–€277 per kW installed, €231–€307 per MWh electricity generated).
关键词： Economic impact assessment,Regional economic impact assessment,Greenhouse gas emissions,Renewable energies,Solar PV,Air pollutants
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36