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Synthesis and Characterization of novel Thiophene and Carbazole-based Polymers – Optical and Electrochemical Characterization
摘要： A donor/acceptor series of carbazole copolymers, composed of alternating 2,7-linked 3,6-difluoro-9-(1-octyl-nonyl)-carbazole units and bithiophene repeated units [P1], 5,7-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,3-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyloxy) phenyl) thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine repeated units [P2] and bithiophene mixed with thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine repeated units [P3] have been prepared following Suzuki polymerisation procedures. The route of synthesis and characterisation techniques of this novel class of materials, together with their photo-physical and electrochemical properties are presented in this study. The polymers were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Elemental Analysis. Molecular weights were estimated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal stability behaviour for polymers was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The electronic and photo-physical properties were investigated by use of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively.
关键词： Conjugated polymer,Organic solar cell,Band gap
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic) - Semarang, Indonesia (2018.9.21-2018.9.22)] 2018 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication - Comparison of First Order Differential Algorithm, Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Newton Raphson Methods for PV Application in DC Microgrid Isolated System
摘要： The necessary for energy always increases every year, so it is necessary energy alternative to overcome the phenomenon. From some alternative energy that is currently widely developed is solar energy. Unfortunately the use of solar energy with the help of solar panels produces power that varies according to the irradiation received and the temperature on the solar panel. Irradiation is the emission of energy coming from the sun. This parameter causes the output power characteristic curve to be non-linear. And the power generated by PV has not reached the maximum power point. To overcome this problem requires an arrangement to find the maximum power point and make it stable at that point. Therefore, this paper proposes "Comparison of First Order Differential Algorithms, Perturb and Observe(P&O) and Newton Raphson Methods for PV Application in DC Microgrid Isolated System" so that the maximum power point can be achieved quickly and accurately. In this paper we tried to compare 3 methods of First-order Differential, P & O (Perturb and Observe) and Newton Raphson by using ZETA Converter as its object in switching settings. By using the simulation can be obtained the results of tracking speed and maximum power level. The results of the simulation show that error power the First-order Differential is 4%, P & O is 0.26389% and Newton Raphson is 0.45178%. It is evident that Raphson's newton algorithm is superior to speed and accuracy.
关键词： Solar Panel,First-Order Differential,Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT),Newton Raphson Method,Perturb and Observe (P&O)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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A Case of Acute Bilateral Solar Retinopathy Diagnosed with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
摘要： To report a case of acute bilateral solar retinopathy diagnosed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Case summary: A 74-year-old female patient consulted for amblyopia and metamorphopsia at a local hospital. On the patient’s first visit, there were no abnormal findings based on slit lamp microscope. Additional examinations were conducted since the patient complained of metamorphopsia with visual acuity and corrected vision. Fundus photography and SD-OCT examination showed symmetrical lesions near the bilateral macula. Several evaluations of the patient’s medical history confirmed that the patient was exposed directly to the sun for 30 minutes. One month after the first visit, visual acuity improved but metamorphopsia remained unchanged. Lesion status could not be confirmed by fundus photography. There was no abnormal finding on fluorescence angiography. SD-OCT examination still showed bilateral symmetric disruption of the outer retina but with no significant interval change. Conclusions: In the present case, the patient with bilateral intraocular lenses who complained of acute binocular amblyopia was diagnosed accurately through SD-OCT tests for bilateral symmetric disruption on the outer retina and repetitive evaluations of patient’s medical history.
关键词： Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT),Acute bilateral solar retinopathy,Patient’s medical history,Disruption
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Solar powered oxygen systems in remote health centers in Papua New Guinea: a large scale implementation effectiveness trial
摘要： Background Pneumonia is the largest cause of child deaths in Papua New Guinea (PNG), and hypoxaemia is the major complication causing death in childhood pneumonia, and hypoxaemia is a major factor in deaths from many other common conditions, including bronchiolitis, asthma, sepsis, malaria, trauma, perinatal problems, and obstetric emergencies. A reliable source of oxygen therapy can reduce mortality from pneumonia by up to 35%. However, in low and middle income countries throughout the world, improved oxygen systems have not been implemented at large scale in remote, difficult to access health care settings, and oxygen is often unavailable at smaller rural hospitals or district health centers which serve as the first point of referral for childhood illnesses. These hospitals are hampered by lack of reliable power, staff training and other basic services. Methods We report the methodology of a large implementation effectiveness trial involving sustainable and renewable oxygen and power systems in 36 health facilities in remote rural areas of PNG. The methodology is a before–and after evaluation involving continuous quality improvement, and a health systems approach. We describe this model of implementation as the considerations and steps involved have wider implications in health systems in other countries. Results The implementation steps include: defining the criteria for where such an intervention is appropriate, assessment of power supplies and power requirements, the optimal design of a solar power system, specifications for oxygen concentrators and other oxygen equipment that will function in remote environments, installation logistics in remote settings, the role of oxygen analyzers in monitoring oxygen concentrator performance, the engineering capacity required to sustain a program at scale, clinical guidelines and training on oxygen equipment and the treatment of children with severe respiratory infection and other critical illnesses, program costs, and measurement of processes and outcomes to support continuous quality improvement. Conclusions This study will evaluate the feasibility and sustainability issues in improving oxygen systems and providing reliable power on a large scale in remote rural settings in PNG, and the impact of this on child mortality from pneumonia over 3 years post–intervention. Taking a continuous quality improvement approach can be transformational for remote health services.
关键词： Pneumonia,Papua New Guinea,oxygen therapy,hypoxaemia,solar power,remote health centers
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Carbonized Bamboos as Excellent 3D Solar Vapor‐Generation Devices
摘要： Given the global challenges of water scarcity, solar-driven vapor generation has become a renewed topic as an energy-efficient way for clean water production. Here, it is revealed that bamboo, as a natural hierarchical cellular material, can be an excellent 3D solar vapor-generation device by a simple carbonization progress. A floating carbonized bamboo sample evaporates water with an extremely high vapor-generation rate of 3.13 kg m?2 h?1 under 1 sun illumination. The high evaporation rate is achieved by the unique natural structure of bamboos. The inner wall of bamboo recovers the diffuse light energy and the thermal radiation heat loss from the 3D bamboo bottom, and the outer wall captures energy from the warmer environment. The high evaporation rate is also attributed to reduced vaporization enthalpy of water confined in the bamboo mesh. Such bamboo-based high-performance, low-cost, self-cleaning, solid durable, and scalable 3D vapor-generation device has attractive applications in desalination as well as industrial and domestic wastewater abatement.
关键词： solar vapor generation,latent heat,hierarchical nanostructures,thermal management,bamboos
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Exploring the untapped potential of solar pretreatment for deconstruction of recalcitrant Kraft lignin in fungal biotransformation
摘要： Kraft lignin (KL) released from pulp and paper industries could cause severe environmental contamination. Appropriate effluent treatment is needed to mitigate the pollution. A novel strategy for biodegradation of KL by integrating photolysis with microbial oxidation process is reported. Results unveiled degradability of solar-treated KL (SKL) using a potential microbial strain: Trametes hirsuta MTCC-1171. Initially, KL was photodegraded by solar treatment. To analyze the chemical and physical changes in KL after solar treatment, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography were employed. Photolytic pretreatment induced depolymerization of chains in KL along with the cleavage of aromatic rings which made it amiable to further microbial degradation. SKL was used as a substrate to produce laccase during microbial degradation. The maximum activity of laccase of 7.1 ± 0.02 U/mL was observed on the 4th day of incubation. Microbial degradation products of photo-treated and untreated KL were identified using GC–MS. Intensification in KL degradation has been noticed along with the conversion of value-added products such as vanillin, valeric acid, and various higher alcohols. The results contribute an evidence of notable modifications of KL into value-added products using an innovative approach, which is eco-friendly and energy-efficient as well.
关键词： Kraft lignin,Yellow laccase,Biodegradation,Solar treatment,Trametes hirsuta MTCC-1171
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Pest Control Lamp in Green Food Bases Based on Wind-solar Complementary Generation System
摘要： According to the energy complementary characteristics of wind energy and solar energy in time and space, in this study, the wind turbine and solar cells are used to design a pest control lamp in green food bases powered by a small power wind-solar complementary supply system and the intelligent controller is used to charge and discharge the batteries, realizing various protection functions. Application shows that the pest control lamp in green food bases system has the advantages of low manufacturing cost and high reliability, suitable for being used in farmland and woodland which are far from the grid.
关键词： generation system,green food bases,pest control lamp,Battery,wind turbine,solar cell
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Rational design of yolk–shell nanostructures for photocatalysis
摘要： Photocatalysis is a promising route to convert solar energy into chemical energy directly, providing an alternative solution to environment and natural resource problems. Theoretically, all photocatalytic reactions are driven by charge carriers whose behavior can be divided into charge generation, separation, migration and surface reactions. Efficiencies of charge utilization in every step determine the overall performance of photocatalysis. Yolk–shell (YS) structures can provide an ideal platform for the efficient utilization of charge carriers. Typically, a YS structure is constructed from a hollow shell and an inner core, which can enhance light scattering in the hollow space and provide a large surface to create sufficient active sites, both of which can significantly improve the efficacy of charge utilization. Additionally, many strategies can be adopted to modify the YS structure for further enhancement of charge behaviors in every step. Existing reviews about YS structures mainly concentrate on the universality of the application of YSs, while the strategies to improve photocatalytic performance based on YSs have not been elaborately illustrated. This review describes the classification, synthesis, formation mechanism of YS structures and the rational regulation of the behaviors of photogenerated charge carriers, aiming at their effective utilization based on YS structures in heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions.
关键词： Charge carriers,Heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions,Solar energy conversion,Yolk–shell structures,Photocatalysis
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Discovery of an activity cycle in the solar analog HD?45184
摘要： Context. Most stellar activity cycles similar to that found in the Sun have been detected by using the chromospheric Ca ii H&K lines as stellar activity proxies. However, it is unclear whether such activity cycles can be identified using other optical lines. Aims. We aim to detect activity cycles in solar-analog stars and determine whether they can be identified through other optical lines, such as Fe II and Balmer lines. We study the solar-analog star HD 45184 using HARPS spectra. The temporal coverage and high quality of the spectra allow us to detect both long- and short-term activity variations. Methods. We analysed the activity signatures of HD 45184 by using 291 HARPS spectra obtained between 2003 and 2014. To search for line-core flux variations, we focused on Ca ii H&K and Balmer Hα and Hβ lines, which are typically used as optical chromospheric activity indicators. We calculated the HARPS-S index from Ca ii H&K lines and converted it into the Mount Wilson scale. In addition, we also considered the equivalent widths of Balmer lines as activity indicators. Moreover, we analysed the possible variability of Fe ii and other metallic lines in the optical spectra. The spectral variations were analysed for periodicity using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Results. We report for the first time a long-term 5.14-yr activity cycle in the solar-analog star HD 45184 derived from Mount Wilson S index. This makes HD 45184 one of most similar stars to the Sun with a known activity cycle. The variation is also evident in the first lines of the Balmer series, which do not always show a correlation with activity in solar-type stars. Notably, unlike the solar case, we also found that the equivalent widths of the high photospheric Fe ii lines (4924 ?, 5018 ? and 5169 ?) are modulated (±2 m?) by the chromospheric cycle of the star. These metallic lines show variations above 4σ in the rms spectrum, while some Ba ii and Ti ii lines present variations at 3σ level, which could be considered as marginal variations. From short-term modulation of the S index we calculate a rotational period of 19.98 days, which agrees with its mean chromospheric activity level. We also clearly show that the activity cycles of HD 45184 can be detected in both Fe ii and Balmer lines.
关键词： stars: chromospheres,stars: individual: HD 45184,stars: activity,stars: solar-type
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14