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A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice
摘要： Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.
关键词： low-level laser therapy,optical properties,red light,hippocampus,mouse,aging,Transcranial photobiomodulation,learning,memory,Issue 141,Neuroscience
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) With 1,064a??nm Laser to Improve Cerebral Metabolism of the Human Brain In Vivo
摘要： Background and Objectives: In our previous proof‐of‐principle study, transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) with 1,064‐nm laser was reported to significantly increase concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]) and oxidized‐state cytochrome c oxidase (Δ[oxi‐CCO]) in the human brain. This paper further investigated (i) its validity in two different subsets of young human subjects at two study sites over a period of 3 years and (ii) age‐related effects of tPBM by comparing sham‐controlled increases of Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] between young and older adults. Study Design/Materials and Methods: We measured sham‐controlled Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] using broadband near‐infrared spectroscopy (bb‐NIRS) in 15 young (26.7 ± 2.7 years of age) and 5 older (68.2 ± 4.8 years of age) healthy normal subjects before, during, and after right‐forehead tPBM/sham stimulation with 1,064‐nm laser. Student t tests were used to test statistical differences in tPBM‐induced Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] (i) between the 15 young subjects and those of 11 reported previously and (ii) between the two age groups measured in this study. Results: Statistical analysis showed that no significant difference existed in Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] during and post tPBM between the two subsets of young subjects at two study sites over a period of 3 years. Furthermore, the two age groups showed statistically identical net increases in sham‐controlled Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO]. Conclusions: This study provided strong evidence to validate/confirm our previous findings that tPBM with 1,064‐nm laser enables to increase cerebral Δ[HbO] and Δ[oxi‐CCO] in the human brain, as measured by bb‐NIRS. Overall, it demonstrated the robust reproducibility of tPBM being able to improve cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism of the human brain in vivo in both young and older adults.
关键词： transcranial photobiomodulation,cytochrome c oxidase,reproducibility,broadband near‐infrared spectroscopy,tPBM
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Penetration Profiles of Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers and Light-Emitting Diode Light Through the Head Tissues in Animal and Human Species: A Review of Literature
摘要： Background and objective: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a promising and noninvasive approach to stimulate neuronal function and improve brain repair. The optimization of PBM parameters is important to maximize effectiveness and tolerability. Several studies have reported on the penetration of visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) light through various animal and human tissues. Scientific findings on the penetration of PBM light vary, likely due to use of different irradiation parameters and to different characteristics of the subject such as species, age, and gender. Materials and methods: In this article, we review published data on PBM penetration through the tissues of the head in both animal and human species. The patterns of visible-to-NIR light penetration are summarized based on the following study specifications: wavelength, coherence, operation mode, beam type and size, irradiation site, species, age, and gender. Results: The average penetration of transcranial red/NIR (630–810 nm) light ranged 60–70% in C57BL/6 mouse (skull), 1–10% in BALB/c mouse (skull), 10–40% in Sprague–Dawley rats (scalp plus skull), 20% in Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbit (skull), 0.11% in pig (scalp plus skull), and 0.2–10% in humans (scalp plus skull). The observed variation in the reported values is due to the difference in factors (e.g., wavelengths, light coherence, tissue thickness, and anatomic irradiation site) used by researchers. It seems that these data challenge the applicability of the animal model data on transcranial PBM to humans. Nevertheless, two animal models seem particularly promising, as they approximate penetration in humans: (I) Penetration of 808 nm laser through the scalp plus skull was 0.11% in the pig head; (II) Penetration of 810 nm laser through intact skull was 1.75% in BALB/c mouse. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is worthwhile mentioning that since the effectiveness of brain PBM is closely dependent on the amount of light energy reaching the target neurons, further quantitative estimation of light penetration depth should be performed to validate the current findings.
关键词： optical properties,penetration depth,skull,low-level laser (light) therapy,brain tissues,transcranial photobiomodulation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22