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4-Tert-butylpyridine-assisted low-cost and soluble copper phthalocyanine as dopant-free hole transport layer for efficient Pb- and Sn-based perovskite solar cells
摘要： The preparation of suitable hole transport material (HTM) is critical to the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with low-cost. Herein, a mass producible and soluble copper phthalocyanine decorated with butoxy donor groups (CuPc-OBu) was designed as HTM and prepared by a facile two-step synthetic route. To generate high quality HTM film, 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) was doped into CuPc-OBu to prepare the film and then removed by annealing. Such a tBP-assisted strategy resulted in the best efficiency of the PSCs with lead trihalide perovskite up to 19.0% (small-area of 0.1 cm2) and 10.1% (the active area of 8.0 cm2 for the module device). And the best efficiency of the tin-based PSCs with CuPc-OBu reached to 6.9%. More importantly, the device with CuPc-OBu as HTM revealed the remarkably enhanced stability. This work provides a new strategy to improve the film-quality of free-doping HTMs and enhance the efficiency and stability of Pb- and Sn-based PSCs with low-cost.
关键词： copper phthalocyanine,hole transport material,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Review on applications of PEDOTs and PEDOT:PSS in perovskite solar cells
摘要： Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most successful conducting polymer in terms of practical application. It has good film forming ability, high transparency in visible light range, high mechanical flexibility, high electrical conductivity, and good stability in air. PEDOT:PSS has wide applications in many areas. This review summarizes its new applications in perovskite solar cells and approaches to modify the PEDOT:PSS layer for better device performance with the corresponding mechanisms. The most cutting edge progresses in perovskite solar cells with PEDOT:PSS are highlighted.
关键词： hole transport layer,transparent electrode,perovskite solar cells,PEDOT:PSS,conductivity enhancement
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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On-demand tuning of charge accumulation and carrier mobility in quantum dot solids for electron transport and energy storage devices
摘要： Assemblies of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are attractive for a broad range of applications because of the ability to exploit the quantum con?nement effect and the large surface-to-volume ratio due to their small dimensions. Each application requires different types of assemblies based on which properties are intended to be utilized. Greater control of assembly formation and optimization of the related carrier transport characteristics are vital to advance the utilization of these materials. Here, we demonstrate on-demand control of the assembly morphology and electrical properties of highly crosslinked CQD solids through the augmentation of various assembly methods. Employment of electric-double-layer (EDL) gating on these assembly structures (i.e., an amorphous assembly, a hierarchical porous assembly, and a compact superlattice assembly) reveals their intrinsic carrier transport and accumulation characteristics. Demonstrations of high electron mobility with a high current modulation ratio reaching 105 in compact QD ?lms and of a record-high areal capacitance of 400 μF/cm2 in an electric-double-layer supercapacitor with very thin (<100 nm) QD hierarchical porous assemblies signify the versatility of CQDs as building blocks for various modern electronic devices.
关键词： electron transport,electric-double-layer gating,energy storage devices,carrier mobility,colloidal quantum dots
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Al-, Ga-, Mg-, or Li-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles as electron transport layers for quantum dot light-emitting diodes
摘要： Colloidal quantum dots and other semiconductor nanocrystals are essential components of next-generation lighting and display devices. Due to their easily tunable and narrow emission band and near-unity fluorescence quantum yield, they allow cost-efficient fabrication of bright, pure-color and wide-gamut light emitting diodes (LEDs) and displays. A critical improvement in the quantum dot LED (QLED) technology was achieved when zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were first introduced as an electron transport layer (ETL) material, which tremendously enhanced the device brightness and current efficiency due to the high mobility of electrons in ZnO and favorable alignment of its energy bands. During the next decade, the strategy of ZnO NP doping allowed the fabrication of QLEDs with a brightness of about 200 000 cd/m2 and current efficiency over 60 cd/A. On the other hand, the known ZnO doping approaches rely on a very fine tuning of the energy levels of the ZnO NP conduction band minimum; hence, selection of the appropriate dopant that would ensure the best device characteristics is often ambiguous. Here we address this problem via detailed comparison of QLEDs whose ETLs are formed by a set of ZnO NPs doped with Al, Ga, Mg, or Li. Although magnesium-doped ZnO NPs are the most common ETL material used in recently designed QLEDs, our experiments have shown that their aluminum-doped counterparts ensure better device performance in terms of brightness, current efficiency and turn-on voltage. These findings allow us to suggest ZnO NPs doped with Al as the best ETL material to be used in future QLEDs.
关键词： electron transport layer,doping,zinc oxide nanoparticles,light-emitting diodes,quantum dots
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A novel nematic tri-carbazole as a hole-transport material for solution-processed OLEDs
摘要： Two structural isomers of alkyl-substituted tri-carbazoles were synthesised to study the effect of the substitution pattern on their liquid crystalline behaviour and conductivity and performance in test OLEDs. The isomer with a 2,7-disubstitution pattern in the central carbazole exhibits a monotropic nematic phase, a high conductivity up to 10 Cd A?1 and is suitable as a hole-transport material for solution-processed OLEDs, achieving a high efficiency. The tri-carbazole isomer with a 3,6-substitution pattern, in the central carbazole, does not exhibit observable liquid crystalline behaviour, exhibits conductivity values two orders of magnitude lower than that of its 2,7-disubstituted isomer and performs poorly in OLEDs with the same configuration. Two structural isomers of alkyl-substituted tri-carbazoles A and B exhibit significantly different liquid crystalline behaviour, conductivity and performance in test OLEDs dependent upon their molecular shape.
关键词： nematic mesophases,hole transport materials,Tri-carbazole liquid crystalline isomers,solution-processed OLED
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Sa?ˉCl intramolecular interaction: An efficient strategy to improve power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells
摘要： Noncovalent conformational locks (NCLs) including S···N, Se···O, and S···O etc. have been an effective strategy to improve the planarity and rigidity, and charge transport mobility of organic/polymeric semiconductors. Herein, by replacing methyl group (ITMIC) with chlorine (ITCIC) in the π-bridge, the planarity and rigidity of the π-conjugated skeleton was enhanced by introduction of S···Cl NCLs, thus the charge transport mobility was improved accordingly. As a result, PM6:ITCIC based organic solar cells showed impressive PCE of 11.34%, much higher than that based on PM6:ITMIC. This contribution demonstrated a novel kind NCLs (S···Cl) for improving the performance of organic solar cells.
关键词： noncovalent conformational locks,organic solar cells,non-fullerene acceptor,charge transport mobility
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Superhigh flexibility and out-of-plane piezoelectricity together with strong anharmonic phonon scattering induced extremely low lattice thermal conductivity in hexagonal buckled CdX (X= S, Se) monolayers
摘要： Although CdX (X= S, Se) has been mostly studied in the field of photocatalysis, photovoltaics, their intrinsic properties, such as, mechanical, piezoelectric, electron and phonon transport properties have been completely overlooked in buckled CdX monolayers. Ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity (1.08 W/mK (0.75 W/mK)) and high p-type Seebeck coefficient (1300 μV/K (850 μV/K)) in CdS (CdSe) monolayers have been found in this work based on first-principles DFT coupled to semi-classical Boltzmann transport equations, combining both the electronic and phononic transport. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) is calculated to be 0.78 (0.5) in CdS (CdSe) monolayers at room temperature, which is comparable to that of 2D tellurene (0.8), arsenene and antimonene (0.8), indicating its great potential for applications in 2D thermoelectrics. Such a low lattice thermal conductivity arise from the participation of both acoustic [91.98 % (89.22 %)] and optical modes [8.02 % (10.78 %)] together with low Debye temperature [254 K (187 K)], low group velocity [4 km/s (3 km/s)] in CdS (CdSe) monolayers, high anharmonicity and short phonon lifetime. Substantial cohesive energy (~ 4-5 eV), dynamical and mechanical stability of the monolayers substantiate the feasibility in synthesizing the single layers in experiments. The inversion symmetry broken along the ?? direction causes out-of-plane piezoelectricity. |d33| ~ 21.6 pm/V, calculated in CdS monolayer is found to be the highest amongst structures having atomic-layer thickness. Superlow Young’s modulus ~ 41 N/m (31 N/m) in CdS (CdSe) monolayers, which is comparable to that of planar CdS (29 N/m) and TcTe2 (34 N/m), is an indicator of its superhigh flexibility. Direct semiconducting band gap, high carrier mobility (~ 500 cm2V-1s-1) and superhigh flexibility in CdX monolayers signify its gigantic potential for applications in ultrathin, stretchable and flexible nanoelectronics. The all-round properties can be synergistically combined together in futuristic applications in nano-piezotronics as well.
关键词： thermoelectrics,flexible nanoelectronics,phonon transport,CdX monolayers,piezoelectricity
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Kinetics of graphitization of thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) films catalyzed by transition metal
摘要： In this paper, we have studied the kinetics of graphitization at 773K of thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) films coated with minute amount of Ni metallic particles. DLC films are deposited at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on a transparent quartz substrate, and Ni is deposited on the surface of DLC using molecular beam epitaxy technique at room temperature. The ultra-high vacuum thermal (range 573-873K with 60 min annealing treatments) and kinetic (range 30-3760 min at 773K) behaviors of the deposited films are investigated. Surface and interface characterizations indicate that the growth of graphitic sp2 clusters starts at temperatures lower than 573K. The kinetics of graphitization is recorded at 773K. Thus, the continuous growth of graphitic clusters leads to a long-range kinetics. These clusters are responsible for the increase in the electrical conductivity and carrier mobility, reaching values of 6.103 Siemens/cm and 20 V/cm2?s, respectively. This continuous change is not only explained by the nucleation and growth of graphitic clusters, but also by some reorientation of them alongside both the surface and the quartz substrate. The obtained results demonstrate that thermally post-treated catalytic metal/DLC films are promising materials for conductive electrodes and sensing applications.
关键词： Raman spectroscopy,thermal treatment,electric transport measurements,optical transmission and absorption,diamond-like carbon,thin graphite films,pulsed laser deposition,metal catalyst
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Precursor engineering for performance enhancement of hole-transport-layer-free carbon-based MAPbBr3 perovskite solar cells
摘要： An optimized two-step sequential deposition method to fabricate hole-transport-layer-free carbon-based methyl ammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite solar cells is reported. Small amounts of MABr are introduced into the PbBr2 precursor solution during the first step to prepare MAPbBr3 perovskite films (labeled as MAPB-xMABr), which promotes the conversion of PbBr2 into perovskite phase and results in denser perovskite films with increased crystallinity, lower trap density, and longer carrier lifetime. After optimization, a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.64% (VOC ? 1.36 V) is obtained for MAPB-0.2MABr based solar cells. Significantly, the non-encapsulated devices exhibit excellent long-term stability in ambient air (25e30 (cid:2)C and 20e30% relative humidity), showing no degradation after a year’s exposure. While, it also shows superior thermal stability with PCE retaining 95% of the initial efficiency after 120 h under thermal stress of 80 (cid:2)C and 40e70% relative humidity.
关键词： Perovskite solar cells,High stability,Precursor engineering,Hole transport layer free,Crystal growth
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Enhanced hole transport in benzoic acid doped spiro-OMeTAD composite layer with intergrowing benzoate phase for perovskite solar cells
摘要： Spiro-OMeTAD is one of the widely used hole-transfer materials for designing high-performance perovskite solar cells. It is reported that acid doping is an efficient and facile method to increase the conductivity of spiro-OMeTAD and accelerate its oxidation process. Besides, investigating the morphologic controlling mechanism of spiro-OMeTAD films would give a novel insight in designing the hole-transport layer (HTL) and further clarify the mechanism of acid additives. In this work, the effect of benzoic acid on the spiro-OMeTAD oxidation is studied, where the formation of the lithium benzoate phase can decrease the size of hollows in the spiro-OMeTAD film. By doping benzoic acid, the HTL exhibits faster oxidation process and better hole transfer ability. Meanwhile, the hysteresis of the perovskite solar device based on the HTL is effectively reduced via optimizing the doping content, with an improved power conversion efficiency reaching up to 16.26% under standard AM 1.5G illumination.
关键词： Benzoic acid,Perovskite solar cells,Hole-transport layer,Oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01