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Immobilization of Detonation Nanodiamonds on Macroscopic Surfaces
摘要： Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials, and have received a great deal of attention in biomedical applications, due to their high biocompatibility, facile surface functionalization, and commercialized synthetic fabrication. We were able to transfer the NDs from large-size agglomerate suspensions to homogenous coatings. ND suspensions have been used in various techniques to coat on commercially available substrates of pure Ti and Si. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and nanoindentation show that the densest and strongest coating of NDs was generated when using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS)-mediated coupling to macroscopic silanized surfaces. In the next step, the feasibility of DNA-mediated coupling of NDs on macroscopic surfaces is discussed using fluorescent microscopy and additional particle size distribution, as well as zeta potential measurements. This work compares different ND coating strategies and describes the straightforward technique of grafting single-stranded DNA onto carboxylated NDs via thioester bridges.
关键词： detonation nanodiamonds,bio-conjugation,fluorescent microscopy,de-agglomeration,nanoindentation
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Transparent Sn-doped In2O3 electrodes with a nanoporous surface for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells
摘要： We report on a simple and efficient process to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells by using ITO electrodes with a nanoporous surface formed by wet-etching of self-agglomerated Ag nanoparticles. Effective removal of the Ag nanoparticles embedded in the surface of the ITO electrodes result in a nanoporous structure without changing the ITO's sheet resistance (10.17 Ω/square) and optical transmittance (89.08%) at a 550 nm wavelength. Examinations with a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and two-dimensional porous mapping show that the nanoporous ITO surface has an increased contact area with the electron transport layer, which enhanced the carrier extraction efficiency of the perovskite solar cells. Compare to perovskite solar cells fabricated on typical ITO with a flat surface morphology, the perovskite solar cells fabricated on the nanoporous-surface ITO show a higher fill factor of 81.1% and a power conversion efficiency of 20.1%. These results indicate that modified ITO surfaces with nano-scale porosity provide a simple and efficient method to improve the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells without a complicated process.
关键词： Contact area,Nanoporous surface,Sn-doped In2O3,Ag agglomeration,Perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-11-21 10:59:37
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Silver Nanoparticle Detection in Real World Environments via Particle Impact Electrochemistry
摘要： Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) suspended in bottled mineral water and in tap water were successfully detected via the nano-impact method without the deliberate addition of electrolyte. The recorded spike charge was used to indicate the stability of the AgNPs in their suspensions. It is found that the AgNPs largely agglomerated in potable water within the first 20 minutes. Addition of high concentrations of citrate (>2mM) improved the stability of the AgNPs and enabled the detection and sizing of the AgNPs monomers in these media. Aging of the potable water suspensions was independently confirmed via UV-vis spectroscopy, validating the electrochemical method for detecting nanoparticles in real world media.
关键词： Capping Agent,Agglomeration,Single Particle Analysis,UV-vis,Real-world media
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Different agglomeration properties of PC <sub/>61</sub> BM and PC <sub/>71</sub> BM in photovoltaic inks a?? a spin-echo SANS study
摘要： Fullerene derivatives are used in a wide range of applications including as electron acceptors in solution-processable organic photovoltaics. We report agglomeration of fullerene derivatives in optically opaque solutions of PC61BM and PC71BM, with concentrations ranging from 30 mg mL?1 up to 90 mg mL?1, in different solvents with relevance to organic photovoltaics, using a novel neutron scattering technique, Spin-Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS). From SESANS, agglomerates with correlation lengths larger than 1 mm are found in some PC61BM solutions, in contrast no agglomerates are seen in PC71BM solutions. These results clearly show that PC71BM is fundamentally more soluble than PC61BM in the solvents commonly used in photovoltaic inks and corroborating similar observations previously achieved using other experimental techniques. Computer models are presented to study the energetics of solution and agglomeration of both species, ascribing the difference to a kinetic effect probably related to the larger anisotropy of PC71BM. Also, this work showcases the power of SESANS to probe agglomerates of fullerene derivatives in completely opaque solutions for agglomerates of the order of one to several microns.
关键词： Fullerene derivatives,SESANS,PC61BM,agglomeration,organic photovoltaics,PC71BM
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A DFT study to probe homo-conjugated norbornylogous bridged spacers in dye-sensitized solar cells: an approach to suppressing agglomeration of dye molecules
摘要： This work reports a sigma-bridged framework as spacers to design new dye-sensitized solar cells. The norbornylogous bridged spacer can avoid p–p aggregation of dye molecules on the semiconductor surface in DSSCs. These sesquinorbornatrienes are known to exhibit electron propagation through the interaction of sigma and p orbitals via through bond (OITB) and through space (OITS) mechanisms. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed with these spacers and a modelled simple donor unit like N,N-dimethylamine and cyanoacrylic acid as the anchoring group showed significant results with the requisite optical parameters for DSSCs. The newly designed dyes have shown comparable or better optical properties compared to the reference dye molecule with p-conjugated thiophene spacer units. The DGinjection, VOC and mnormal values calculated for the designed dyes were found to be higher than those of the reference system. The trans-sesquinorbornatriene system spacer (6-D) showed a VOC of 3.3 eV, DGinjection of 2.4 eV and oscillatory strength (f) of 0.96. The total and partial density of states indicates a good communication between the valence and conduction band for the designed dyes. Transition density matrix results suggest that the exciton dissociation in the excited state is sufficiently high to overcome the coulombic attraction of the hole. These results are promising for the design of dye molecules with such scaffolds, to achieve better efficiency and to eliminate one of the major issues with p-spacer units in DSSCs.
关键词： homo-conjugated norbornylogous bridged spacers,dye molecules,DFT study,dye-sensitized solar cells,suppressing agglomeration
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A Quantitative Approach To Assess High Temperature Flow Properties Of A Pa 12 Powder For Laser Sintering
摘要： In order to consider thermal conditions involved in laser sintering (LS), the effect of temperature on the flow properties of a polyamide 12 powder was assessed. Shear tests were carried out at temperatures from ambient up to values close to the melting temperature of the polymer. The measurement method provides quantitative descriptors of powder flowability. Experiments indicate that flowability significantly deteriorates when temperature rises and approaches a value of about 20°C lower than the melting temperature. The spreading process may be hindered by natural agglomeration of the material. A simple analysis based on the extrapolation of the bulk flow properties at zero consolidation shows that agglomeration is excluded in the temperature range between 100 and 140°C. This turns out to be the range in which it is known that the material can be used safely for LS applications.
关键词： powder bed fusion,powder flow,flow function,high temperature,agglomeration
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Two-Stage Plasma-Thermal Nitridation Processes for the Production of Aluminum Nitride Powders from Aluminum Powders
摘要： The synthesis of aluminum nitride (AlN) powders is traditionally done via the thermal nitridation process, in which the reaction temperature reaches as high as 960 ?C, with more than several hours of reaction time. Moreover, the occurrence of agglomeration in melting Al particles results in poor AlN quality and a low ef?ciency of nitridation. In this study, an atmosphere-pressure microwave-plasma preceded the pre-synthesis process. This process operates at 550 ?C for 2–10 min with the addition of NH4Cl (Al: NH4Cl = 1:1) for generating a hard AlN shell to avoid the ?ow and aggregation of the melting Al metals. Then, the mass production of AlN powders by the thermal nitridation process can be carried out by rapidly elevating the reaction temperature (heating rate of 15 ?C/min) until 1050 ?C is reached. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) crystal analysis shows that without the peak, Al metals can be observed by synthesizing AlN via plasma nitridation (at 550 ?C for 2 min, Al: NH4Cl = 1:1), followed by thermal nitridation (at 950 ?C for 1 h). Moreover, SEM images show that well-dispersed AlN powders without agglomeration were produced. Additionally, the particle size of the produced AlN powder (usually < 1 μm) tends to be reduced from 2–5 μm (Al powders), resulting in a more ef?cient synthesizing process (lower reaction temperature, shorter reaction time) for mass production.
关键词： agglomeration,aluminum nitride,thermal nitridation,plasma nitridation,pre-synthesis
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Role of Aging in the Formation of Non-spherical Nanostructures during Lasera??Matter Interaction in Water
摘要： Pulsed laser ablation of different surfaces in liquid environment has broad prospects to selectively synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) with specific optical properties, as well as morphology, size and composition. The dependence of the morphology and particle size on the pulse duration and other external conditions allows synthesizing nano-sized particles for various scientific, particularly, optical, and industrial needs. Most previous studies on ablation of metals in water have shown spherical shapes of NPs without elaboration on the effect of aging on those shapes. In this study, we demonstrate notable modification in the morphology of aluminum, indium, zinc and copper NPs during aging towards the non-spherical structures, contrary to other laser ablation-induced spherical NPs from different elements in the periodic table.
关键词： cuboids,multicomponent particles,laser ablation,agglomeration
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Rapid Diagnosis Of Drug Agglomeration And Crystallinity In Pharmaceutical Preparations By Electrospray Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging
摘要： In this study we evaluate the applicability of electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ELDI-MSI) to interrogate tablet formulations for the spatial distributions of ingredients. Tablet formulations with varying amounts of crystalline acetaminophen (the active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) were analyzed to determine if crystallinity could be evaluated via ELDI-MSI. ELDI-MSI concurrently imaged the API, binders, and surfactants. The spatial distributions of amorphous API were very similar to that of the surfactants and different from that of crystalline API. The higher the crystallinity in the tablet formulation, the more agglomeration of the active ingredient was observed by ELDI-MSI. This study shows the capability of ELDI-MSI to diagnose agglomeration and crystallinity content in pharmaceutical preparations with little to no sample preparation. The ability to concurrently image APIs with other components provides valuable information as to their form in the tablet.
关键词： ELDI,crystallinity,mass spectrometry imaging,pharmaceuticals,agglomeration
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[Micro/Nano Technologies] Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology Volume 1 || Fabrication of Metallic Nanodot Arrays
摘要： Metal nanodot arrays exhibit unique optical characteristics, and they are expected to find widespread applications in biosensors and various optical devices. In this section, simple and efficient manufacturing processes are introduced for metal nanodot arrays. These processes are based on the combination of thin metal film coatings deposited on substrates and thermal dewetting. The first process discussed herein is a conventional thermal dewetting method. With this method, it is shown that the average dot diameter can be controlled based on the chosen process conditions. The second process is based on the use of grid patterning on coated metal films. This process can allow fabrication of nanodot arrays with uniform dot diameters and achieve highly ordered alignment of dots. The third process generates a metal nanodot array based on a self-organization manner on a nanogrid-patterned substrate. It constitutes a high-productivity process based on the transfer of the metal nanodot array to an adhesive film. The basic mechanisms underlying these processes are discussed herein.
关键词： Productivity,Metal coating,Dot transfer,Surface energy,Metal nanoparticles,Agglomeration,Nano plastic forming,Optical characteristics,Grid patterning,Self-organization,Biosensors,Thermal dewetting
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36