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Potential-Induced Degradation of Bifacial PERC Solar Cells Under Illumination
摘要： Bifacial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells are promising candidates to reduce levelized cost of electricity since a rear-side power gain can be achieved with minor changes in cell production. However, in addition to the potential-induced degradation of the shunting type (PID-s), some bifacial solar cells may exhibit another degradation related to their rear side. Using three types of purchased industrial bifacial PERC cells encapsulated in our laboratory, we show that a rear-side PID test under simultaneous illumination can cause up to 14% power degradation, which is related to increased carrier recombination at the rear side of the cell. Thus, we ?nd that the degradation under realistic ?eld conditions is strong enough to signi?cantly reduce the bifaciality gains. This is of particular importance as only some of the investigated cells recover under dark conditions. Microstructural analysis of the PID-stressed rear side reveals localized permanent structural damages of the passivation layer leading to an increased rear-side recombination.
关键词： silicon corrosion,Bifacial solar cell,potential-induced degradation,passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC)
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Efficient Interfacial Solar Steam Generator with Controlled Macromorphology Derived from Flour via “Dough Figurine” Technology
摘要： Poor corrosion and wear resistance of magnesium (Mg) alloys restrict their applications. Herein, corrosion and wear-resistant films are formed upon Mg alloy AZ31 through a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process in silicate electrolyte in the presence of carbon spheres (CS). Surface morphology, chemical composition, corrosion resistance, hardness, and coefficient of friction (CoF) of the MAO coatings are investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical and hydrogen evolution measurements, automatic micro-hardness testing, and reciprocating tribometer, respectively. Results demonstrate that the surface morphology and hardness of MAO coatings vary with the concentration of CS. The presence of CS results in an increased coating thickness from 8.0 (cid:1) 1.8 to 12.2 (cid:1) 1.8 μm, mean pore size from 0.7 (cid:1) 0.1 to 1.9 (cid:1) 0.1 μm, open porosity of MAO coating from 4.2 (cid:1) 0.4 to 5.6% (cid:1) 1.1%, and coating hardness from 347.0 (cid:1) 59.0 to 853.0 (cid:1) 67.3 Vickers-hardness (HV). Furthermore, CS-modified MAO coatings lead to improved corrosion resistance in comparison with that of the neat MAO counterparts. Moreover, the high hardness and formation of SiC of CS-modified coatings lead to a low and stabilized CoF, which implies an enhanced wear resistance.
关键词： micro-arc oxidation,coatings,corrosion resistance,carbon spheres,magnesium alloys
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Surface and property characterization of laser polished Ti6Al4V
摘要： Laser polishing is being increasingly utilized as a method of surface treatment for metal alloys, and the rapid heating and cooling in the process significantly modify the subsurface material properties. However, understanding the effect of laser polishing on the properties is still incomplete. In this study, laser polishing of titanium alloys is experimentally investigated, in which the polishing parameters are determined by the energy conservation and the surface roughness can be effectively decreased, from 7.3 to approximately 0.6 μm through the orthogonal experiments. Through thermal cycle analysis of the laser polishing based on the finite element method, the martensite formation occurs in the substrate, which leads the 25% increase of the micro-hardness. The corrosion resistance improvement of the polished surface is attributed to the reduction of surface roughness and the increase of grain size in the polished zone.
关键词： Laser polishing,Electrochemical corrosion,Surface roughness,Microstructure
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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A Hybrid Inorganic Electron-transporting Layer Coupled with A Halogen-resistant Electrode in CsPbI2Br-Based Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve Robust Long-term Stability
摘要： Along with the rapidly-developed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) becomes the bottleneck for further commercialization. The instability mainly comes from the unstable organic components in the whole devices and the responsive metal electrode to the halogens from perovskites. In this work, we develop a carbide-titanium oxide (C-TiO2) hybrid electron-transporting layer (ETL) and a halogen-resistant Sb electrode on top of the inorganic CsPbI2Br layer to solve the unstable issues. The hybrid C-TiO2 presents uniform and pinhole-free morphology, adequate band structure and electronic property, and observably strong stability. On the other hand, Sb is demonstrated to be effective to restrict inferior ions diffusion and further perovskite decomposition. As a result, our well-designed PSCs achieve both high efficiencies (14.8% for the champion device) and long-term stabilities (< 6% decline @ 85 °C, dark; < 10% decline @ 60 °C, continuous illumination) of 1000 h.
关键词： long term stability,electrode corrosion,Hybrid TiO2 ETLs,inorganic PSCs,inorganic CTLs
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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P‐13.8: Influences of Passivation Hole Etching on the ITO and Metal Contact for Bottom Emission AMOLED Display
摘要： A top-gate self-aligned a-IGZO TFT backplate with white OLED and color filter was demonstrated in this paper. Three kind of PV (passivation) hole etching sequences noted as case 1~3, were studied to verify the contact between ITO and Source/Drain electrode. For case 3, PV hole etching process after PLN patterning shows smooth metal surface and excellent panel performance. In contrast, Sourse and Drain metal corrosion occurred due to non-uniform PV film deposition in other two cases , resulting in bad contact between ITO and S/D metal and poor panel performance.
关键词： COA,corrosion,Passivation Hole Etching
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Theoretical and experimental study of artificially controlled backscattering fiber using femtosecond laser fabrication
摘要： Thirteen alloys including high- and low-strength nickel-base alloys, austenitic stainless steels, and ferritic alloys were irradiated using 2 MeV protons to a damage level of 2.5 dpa at 360 °C and assessed for their susceptibility to irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) in both BWR normal water chemistry (NWC) and PWR primary water. Cracking susceptibility was highest for high strength nickel-base alloys, followed by the low strength nickel-base alloys and then the low strength iron-base alloys. Cracking in the nickel-based alloys was worst in normal water chemistry, which was reversed for the iron-based alloys. In general, cracking correlated with the degree of microstructure changes, though no single feature could be linked to cracking. IGSCC occurred in both the unirradiated and irradiated conditions in high strength nickel-base alloys with susceptibility being considerably higher following irradiation. In all cases, slip was planar, and the degree of slip localization correlated with the probability of IG crack initiation. Low strength nickel-base alloys showed the same dependence on environment as high strength alloys but were considerably less susceptible to IASCC initiation. Among the low strength iron-base alloys, alloy 800 was most susceptible to IASCC initiation in both BWR NWC and PWR primary water, which also correlated with grain boundary chromium depletion and silicon segregation. Across all alloys, cracking correlated with both the degree of localized deformation and the hardness in the irradiated condition. The agreement is expected as increased hardening also correlates with localized deformation, which is likely a necessary, though insufficient condition for cracking.
关键词： PWR primary water,Hardening,Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking,Radiation,BWR NWC,Structural materials
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Influence of laser surface melting on the properties of MB26 and AZ80 magnesium alloys
摘要： In the present investigation, laser surface melting (LSM) was performed on MB26 and AZ80 magnesium alloys and their surface properties were evaluated. The finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the resulting temperature during the laser surface melting process. The melted layer average thickness values were about 296 and 190 μm for MB26 and AZ80 alloys, respectively and the variation in the thickness is mainly attributed to the absorption in laser energy. The average grain size of the LSMed MB26 alloy was decreased about 14.5 times and AZ80 had very finer grains than the MB26 along with the fine distribution of second phases. Further, the X-ray diffraction results revealed that the second phase intensities were decreased in both the alloys due to their dispersion. The laser absorption efficiency of MB26 was higher due to the higher plasma attachment during LSM process, thereby has higher melt layer thickness compared to AZ80. The refined microstructure of the melted layer resulted in an increase of micro-hardness up to 110 Hv. Potentiodynamic polarization test results revealed that the corrosion current density (icorr) values of the LSMed MB26 and AZ80 alloys were decreased about 1.8 and 2.5 times, respectively compared to the as-received alloys. A variation in solidification rates of the melt pool due to the alloying elements were attributed to an improvement in the surface and electrochemical properties.
关键词： Corrosion,Polarization,Laser surface melting,Hardness,Magnesium alloys
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Defect induced thermal-plasma coupling damage in optical films under nanosecond pulse laser irradiation
摘要： Ten prestressed concrete beams were designed and manufactured, which were preloaded with 40% and 60% ultimate load to crack. Then the beams were reinforced by CFRP and immersed in chloride condition for 120 days. After that, a four-point bending test was performed. Based on the statistics and fractal theories, the cracking mechanism, distribution and shapes of cracks in mid span were researched, considering the initial cracks, CFRP reinforcement and chloride corrosion. The test results demonstrate that CFRP has a restraining effect on the cracks, and the effect decreases with the increases of heights. The crack widths conform to normal distribution, and the dispersion coefficient, average widths and characteristic widths decrease with the increase of the heights, and the three parameters of CFRP reinforced beams at the same heights are all smaller than those of unreinforced beams. The fractal dimensions of cracks in unreinforced beams and CFRP reinforced beams increase linearly and exponentially with load steps, respectively. CFRP reinforcement and Chloride corrosion makes the fractal dimension increase, respectively. The corrosion effect of chloride can be weakened by CFRP. Therefore, the fractal dimensions of beam cracks can be used to evaluate the damage caused by several coupled load conditions.
关键词： chloride corrosion,cracks,fractal dimension,prestressed concrete beams,CFRP
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Parametric optimization of pulsed laser ablation on stainless steel for improving corrosion resistance by Taguchi method
摘要： In the present study, pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) treatment has been optimised for the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in neutral solution; the overlap rate is the most optimized laser parameters obtained implementing the Taguchi method has been verified experimentally and hence supporting the accuracy of optimization of laser parameters under of Variance (ANOVA) and signal to noise ratio are used to analyse the effect of different laser parameters on the responses. The laser irradiation power is the most dominant factors affecting been derived by considering the response which is corrosion potential of metal targets. Analysis out using fiber laser source by varying laser parameters include overlap rate, scanning speed, ASTM 304/2B stainless steel using Taguchi method. PLAL experimental trials were carried laser irradiation power and the number of laser pulses. The optimum laser parameters have significant impact corrosion resistance of metal in acidic solution. The responses of the the given set of experimental conditions.
关键词： corrosion behavior,PLAL,Surface modification,Taguchi method,fiber laser,stainless steel
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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A comparative study of surface characterization and corrosion performance properties of laser surface modified biomedical grade nitinol
摘要： Laser melting and quick solidification of shape memory alloy surfaces promise to explore the multifunctional capabilities required for enhanced biocompatibility of different implantable medical devices. Before subsequent bio-trial, understanding of the effect of cooling rate vis-à-vis laser fluence on surface characteristics and corrosion protection performance is essential before designing a tailor-made biocompatible surface for various implantable devices. The current study systematically investigates the effect of laser fluence on physical, mechanical and chemical surface characteristics along with corrosion protection performance of the modified surface as compared to bare Nitinol surface. Various phases were prominent on the top surface, namely nickel and titanium-rich phase along with different nickel-titanium intermetallics and nano-structure of titanium oxide, based on varying melting pool recirculation time and cooling rate with laser fluence energy. At low laser fluence up to 4 J/mm2, no significant melting pool were formed and only transformation to the martensitic phase of Nitinol took place on the top surface, which seemed to be highly too much corrosion-prone under simulated body fluid. At moderate laser fluence of 6–8 J/mm2, mostly titanium-rich phases are prominent on the surfaces on account of optimum recirculation of melting pool and subsequent surfacing out of comparably light phase of titanium. Titanium-rich phases on top surface exhibit superior corrosion resistance as compared to all other samples including bare nitinol. However, titanium oxide nano-particles-reinforced martensitic structure is formed under high laser fluence due to over recirculation of molten pool. The modulus of elasticity also varied from 10 to 110 GPa based on top surface formation under different fluence levels, and thus this process can act as a tailor-made controllable pre-treatment process over the traditional coating processes.
关键词： Corrosion protection performance,Laser melting and re-solidification,Surface characteristics,Nitinol surface modification
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04