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Nona??Conjugated Polymer Based on Polyethylene Backbone as Dopanta??Free Holea??Transporting Material for Efficient and Stable Inverted Quasia??2D Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Novel non-conjugated polymer based on polyethylene backbone, PVCz-OMeTPA with suitable energy levels, good hole mobility as well as excellent film-forming ability assisting the formation of high-quality perovskite films, is developed as efficient dopant-free hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for inverted quasi-2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Quasi-2D PSCs using ultra-thin, dopant-free PVCz-OMeTPA as HTM exhibited excellent power conversion efficiency of 17.22% and long-term environmental stability.
关键词： low-cost,quasi-2D perovskite solar cells,main-chain non-conjugated polymer,dopant-free hole-transporting materials
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Optimal Operation Control of Microgrid Connected Photovoltaic-Diesel Generator Backup System Under Time of Use Tariff
摘要： With the exponentially increasing demand of electrical energy, many developing countries are struggling to provide electricity to the end-users. This challenge has mainly strained traditional power systems. To mitigate against this strain, governments are diversifying and liberalizing the energy market to meet future energy demand. In addition, end-users have several alternatives to reduce electricity cost at demand side. This can be realized either by using ef?cient devices or incorporating renewable energy sources while scheduling their powers economically. Within this framework, microgrids are considered as ef?cient power systems to exploit renewable energy sources with demand side management program. Nowadays, microgrids which can harness photovoltaic solar source at low cost are becoming an attractive option for reduction in electricity cost at demand side. To ensure uninterrupted power supply, diesel generators are often used as backup energy systems in most large-scale or industrial applications in Kenya. Therefore, this paper proposes a constrained optimal operation control strategy of microgrid connected photovoltaic with diesel generator backup system related to commercial and industrial (C&I) setups in Kenya. Particularly, the objective function simultaneously aims at reducing energy purchased from utility grid and the fuel consumption cost of the conventional diesel generator. The constraints related to control variables are taken in the context of C&I in Kenya. The optimal operation control is carried out using FMINCON interior-point algorithm, and two scenarios are analysed. The ?rst scenario is carried out by considering the intermittent mode from 7:00 hrs to 18:00 hrs, while the second scenario is considered in the intermittent connected mode. A case study is done based on the daily load pro?le of the Engineering workshops at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) located at ?1.099? latitude and 37.014? longitude. The optimal operation control has shown great bene?ts in terms of energy saving, cost saving as well as daily revenue. The daily energy saving is increased up to 52.1%, the daily cost saving is 20%, and daily energy sold is found to be 142.4 kWh which can generate daily income of $17.
关键词： Renewable energy,Levelized cost of energy,Optimization algorithm,Demand side management,Open-loop optimal control
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Implementation of agrophotovoltaics: Techno-economic analysis of the price-performance ratio and its policy implications
摘要： Rising demand for solar power generation will lead to increased land use competition, and thus to potential economic and social conflict. A solution to this challenge is to produce food and energy within an agrophotovoltaics (APV) system. Since 2017, governments in Japan, France, Massachusetts (USA), South Korea, and China have introduced policies supporting APV implementation. Governments considering APV implementation – e.g. in India and Germany – for evidence-based policy making are demanding information on how levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of APV differs from that of conventional ground-mounted photovoltaics (PV), as well as on how additional costs associated with APV installation relate to the benefit of maintaining agricultural activity under APV. Data for a techno-economic price-performance ratio calculation has been retrieved from an inter- and transdisciplinary APV case study in Germany. We observed that the LCOE of APV with €0.0828 kWh?1 is 38% higher than that of ground-mounted PV, resulting in an annual cropland preservation price of €9,052 ha?1 a?1. The annual revenue of potato and winter wheat production under APV resulted in a performance of €10,707 ha?1 a?1 and €1,959 ha?1 a?1 respectively, leading to a beneficial price-performance ratio of 0.85 for potato production and, with a ratio of 4.62, a disadvantageous result for winter wheat. Overall, APV is not necessarily recommended in crop rotating systems. However, in combination with permanent cultures – e.g. berries, fruits, or wine grapes – as the price for these types of applications is lower, while at the same time providing higher performance by optimizing techno-ecological synergies.
关键词： Evidence-based policy making,Levelized cost of electricity,Innovation and new development in energy technology,Energy policies and technology assessment,Price-performance ratio,Agrophotovoltaics/agrivoltaic
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Design, optimization and performance comparison of solar tower and photovoltaic power plants
摘要： This paper compares two main technologies of solar to electrical energy conversion, namely solar tower (ST) and photovoltaic (PV). For a fair comparison, a 100 MW same sized ST and PV plants are designed for a region with very good direct normal irradiance (DNI) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI). The initial design of the ST plant is optimized for solar multiple and thermal energy storage hours, and the PV plant is optimized for the optimal distance between parallel PV arrays. The ST plant has superior annual energy output of 513040.16 MWh compared to 270754.6 MWh from PV plant and capacity utilization factor of 58.6% in comparison to 30.9% from PV plant. On the contrary, the land use factor and solar to electric ef?ciency (SEE) of the PV plant is superior to ST plant while levelized cost of energy of ST plant is 2.83 times higher than the PV plant. Although ST plant has superior technical performance but way better economic performance of PV plant makes it the stand out solar to electrical energy technology for a location with promising GHI and DNI. This paper provides very useful guidelines for the policymakers to select a particular technology for the future solar-based power generation projects.
关键词： Levelized cost of energy,Photovoltaic,Solar energy,DNI,Solar tower,GHI
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry in China and related carbon dioxide abatement costs
摘要： There is a consensus within the international community that replacing traditional fossil energy with renewable energy, such as photovoltaic energy, will help mitigate climate change. However, the literature addressing the rapid development issues of the photovoltaic industry and related carbon dioxide abatement costs is limited. China is currently the largest photovoltaic producer and consumer in the world, hence suitable as our research object. In this paper, a fixed effect panel model with provincial panel data during the period 2012–2016 is applied to study the factors that influence China’s photovoltaic industry. The empirical results indicate that carbon dioxide emission mitigation requirements, government subsidies, technological progress, energy substitution, economic growth, and illumination resources promote the development of the photovoltaic industry. We further adapt the cost estimation model to estimate the average carbon dioxide abatement cost of photovoltaic electric power in China at 679.72 yuan/ton in 2015 and 681.88 yuan/ton in 2016. Compared with wind power and biomass energy, photovoltaic electric power is currently less economical for carbon dioxide emission reduction. Moreover, the future carbon dioxide abatement cost is predicted using a scenario analysis at 118.94–259.42 yuan/ton in 2025 and 42.63–171.95 yuan/ton in 2030. Since the carbon dioxide abatement cost in 2030 is in line with the future price level of the carbon trading market, it will be both economical and feasible to use photovoltaic electric power to decrease carbon dioxide emissions in the future.
关键词： Carbon dioxide mitigation requirements,Carbon dioxide abatement cost,Fixed effect panel model,Photovoltaic industry,Scenario analysis
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Challenges and opportunities for nanomaterials in spectral splitting for high-performance hybrid solar photovoltaic-thermal applications: A review
摘要： Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors, which are capable of cogenerating useful thermal energy and electricity from the same aperture area, have a significantly higher overall efficiency and ability to displace emissions compared to independent, separate photovoltaic panels, solar thermal collectors or combinations thereof. Spectral splitting has emerged as a promising route towards next-generation high-performance PV-T collectors, and nanotechnology plays an important role in meeting the optical and thermal requirements of advanced spectral splitting PV-T collector designs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of spectral splitting technologies based on nanomaterials for PV-T applications. Emerging nanomaterials (nanofluids, nanofilms and nanowires) suitable for achieving spectral splitting based on reflection, diffraction, refraction and/or absorption approaches in PV-T collectors are presented, along with the associated challenges and opportunities of these design approaches. The requirements from such materials in terms of optical properties, thermal properties, stability and cost are discussed with the aim of guiding future research and innovation, and developing this technology towards practical application. Nanofluids and nanofilms are currently the most common nanomaterials used for spectral splitting, with significant progress made in recent years in the development of these materials. Nevertheless, there still remains a considerable gap between the optical properties of currently-available filters and the desired properties of ideal filters. Aiming to instruct and guide the future development of filter materials, a simple generalized method is further proposed in this paper to identify optimal filters and efficiency limits of spectral splitting PV-T systems for different scenarios. It is found that the optimal filter of a spectral splitting PV-T system is highly sensitive to the value of thermal energy relative to that of electricity, which therefore depends strongly on the application and location. The efficiency limit of spectral splitting PV-T collectors is significantly higher than that of standalone PV panels. The stability of nanomaterial filters remains a critical challenge for their long-term employment and also for high-temperature operation in practical applications.
关键词： Nanofilms,Spectral splitting,Nanomaterials,Thermal properties,Stability,Nanofluids,Optical properties,Cost,Nanowires,Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Is it a good time to develop commercial photovoltaic systems on farmland? An American-style option with crop price risk
摘要： Photovoltaic systems require large swaths of land that are currently being used for other purposes, such as farming. One option for developing large photovoltaic systems is converting farms that are currently economically unviable into commercial photovoltaic systems. However, this may not always be an economically rational decision as crop prices have the potential to increase over time. Fluctuations in farm income due to changes in crop prices can alter the optimal choice of whether to continue farming or to convert farmland into commercial photovoltaic systems. This study attempts to resolve this issue by proposing a real options framework to value farm production when crop prices are uncertain. By integrating uncertainty into the decision-making process, the value of keeping unprofitable farms operating prior to developing the area into a commercial photovoltaic system is assessed. This helps decision makers understand the extent to which potential income from developing a photovoltaic system should be greater than potential income from farming when deciding on investing in a photovoltaic system. A case study is conducted to examine this framework and to calculate the net present value of a farm in South Korea. The results indicate that although the money lost from continuing to farm is substantial, farmers should defer conversion to a commercial photovoltaic system until a sufficient drop in crop prices occurs. When applying this strategy, the farmer can gain an additional 100% of expected revenue simply by deferring the development decision until having better information on the market prices of crops.
关键词： Agriculture,Solar,Photovoltaic,Farmland,Life cycle cost,Real options
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) - Bucharest (2018.7.1-2018.7.5)] 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) - Planning of Geo-Distributed Cloud Data Centers in Fast Developing Economies
摘要： In recent years, with the rapid development of big data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing, the construction of cloud data centers has entered into a fast-growing period, especially in fast developing economies. The placement for geo-distributed cloud data centers has a great impact on costs and performance. In this paper, we propose a framework to determine the optimal placement of geo-distributed cloud data centers, taking into considering both cost minimization and network performance. In we apply this framework to the placement to cloud data centers in China. We show how the DC placement may be affected by network performance requirements. We also show how factors like population mobility and adoption of clean energy, typical in fast developing economies, may affect DC placement. We research provides insights to the long term DC planning in fast developing economies.
关键词： network performance,fast developing economies,geo-distributed cloud data centers,cost minimization
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica - Cape Town, South Africa (2018.6.28-2018.6.29)] 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica - Design Strategies of an Off-Grid Solar PV Plant for Office Buildings: A Case Study of Johannesburg
摘要： Renewable energy systems based on solar resources are steering the way in grid-connected applications to meet present energy demands. This research work tends to investigate the design and feasibility of RE systems using solar resources to sustain a load in the Office Park building, at Constantia Kloof Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa. This is following the provincial mandate to offset the energy usage of government buildings, including those belonging to the City of Johannesburg, by the installation of renewable energy sources in South Africa. The Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) on the design revealed that the fully solar RE system was the most economically possible. This was in comparison with the annual equivalent projected City Power electricity bill for the load profile.
关键词： Johannesburg,Cost-Benefit Analysis,Solar PV,Renewable Energy,Off-Grid
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2018 EMF-Med 1st World Conference on Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF-Med) - Split, Croatia (2018.9.10-2018.9.13)] 2018 EMF-Med 1st World Conference on Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF-Med) - Measurement of Weak Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Effects on Cells
摘要： The aim of our research is a development of an automated experimental platform for identification of the effects of weak low frequency (LF) electromagnetic field (EMF) on cells. The platform comprises multiple measurement stations, allowing monitoring and subsequent characterization of cell cultures. Main detection methods include electroimpedance spectroscopy (EIS), optical microscopy, and turbidimetry. EIS provides information about cell culture growth and enables electrical characterization of cell structures. Morphology and cell kinetics are investigated via computer analysis of images obtained from video-microscopy. The complex measurement system allows efficient scanning of frequencies and amplitudes of EMF while searching for possible specific response of investigated biosystem. The developing platform aspires to contribute towards general methodology of investigation into LF EMF biological effects.
关键词： microscopy image analysis,impedance spectroscopy,COST EMF-MED,low frequency electromagnetic fields
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01