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Content-aware image restoration: pushing the limits of fluorescence microscopy
摘要： Fluorescence microscopy is a key driver of discoveries in the life sciences, with observable phenomena being limited by the optics of the microscope, the chemistry of the fluorophores, and the maximum photon exposure tolerated by the sample. These limits necessitate trade-offs between imaging speed, spatial resolution, light exposure, and imaging depth. In this work we show how content-aware image restoration based on deep learning extends the range of biological phenomena observable by microscopy. We demonstrate on eight concrete examples how microscopy images can be restored even if 60-fold fewer photons are used during acquisition, how near isotropic resolution can be achieved with up to tenfold under-sampling along the axial direction, and how tubular and granular structures smaller than the diffraction limit can be resolved at 20-times-higher frame rates compared to state-of-the-art methods. All developed image restoration methods are freely available as open source software in Python, FIJI, and KNIME.
关键词： isotropic resolution,image restoration,sub-diffraction structures,deep learning,content-aware,fluorescence microscopy
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Quantum reflection of rare-gas atoms and clusters from a grating
摘要： Quantum re?ection is a universal property of atoms and molecules when scattered from surfaces in ultracold collisions. Recent experimental work has documented the quantum re?ection and diffraction of He atoms, dimers, trimers, and neon atoms when re?ected from a grating. Conditions for the observation of emerging beam resonances have been discussed and measured. In this paper, we provide a theoretical simulation of the quantum re?ection from a grating for those systems. We con?rm the universal dependence on the incident de Broglie wavelength with the threshold angles where the emerging beam resonances are observed. However, the angular dependence of the re?ection ef?ciencies, that is, the ratio of scattered intensity into speci?c diffraction channels relative to the total intensity is found to be dependent on the details of the particle surface interaction.
关键词： clusters,diffraction,rare-gas atoms,quantum re?ection,grating
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Study on the Oxidation of Copper Nanowire Network Electrodes for Skin Mounttable Flexible, Stretchable and Wearable Electronics Applications
摘要： Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) are suitable material as an electrode for flexible, stretchable and wearable devices due to their excellent mechanical properties, high transparency, good conductivity, and low cost, but oxidation problem limits their practical use and application. In order to use Cu NWs as an electrode for advanced flexible, stretchable and wearable devices attached directly to the skin, the influence of the body temperature on the oxidation of Cu NWs needs to be investigated. In this paper, the oxidation behavior of Cu NWs at high temperature (more than 80 °C) as well as body temperature is studied which has been remained largely questionable to date, and an effective encapsulation method is proposed to prevent the oxidation of Cu NWs electrode in the range of body temperatures.
关键词： Copper nanowires,x-ray diffraction,encapsulation,oxidation,wearable electronics
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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CuO <sub/>4±δ</sub> Ultrathin Films Crystalline Properties
摘要： Ultrathin ?lms of the electron-doped compound Nd2 ?x Cex CuO4 ±δ (NCCO) were realized by dc sputtering technique. The ?lms were grown both on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 and nonstoichiometric SrTiO3 with Ti-rich defects. Also, the NCO parent compound, namely Nd2 CuO4 , was used as buffer layer to improve the crystalline properties because of the very small lattice parameter mismatch, as well as compatible depositions conditions, compared to NCCO. The morphological and structural characterization were carried out on several samples, by means of surface analysis techniques and X-ray diffraction, in order to optimize the growth procedure.
关键词： thin ?lms,sputtering,X-ray diffraction,superconductivity,Electron-doped (e--doped) compounds
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Displaying Diverse Spectra Using a Thin White Line Screen (TWLS)
摘要： Displaying Diverse Spectra Using a Thin White Line Screen (TWLS) Gas emission tubes are widely used laboratory and demonstration apparatus because the line source nature of the tube produces line spectra when viewed directly through a diffraction grating. These are long and distinctly visible images of the tube, located to either side of the zeroth order at an angle determined by the wavelength. A continuous spectrum with each distinct color being a vertical line is produced by an incandescent bulb having a vertical line filament. P. J. Ouseph first contrasted spectra from thin white and black lines in an interesting activity reported in this journal in 1989. For more detail about why line spectra are useful, see Appendix I at TPT Online.1 I am reporting here a simple and useful method for presenting the spectral distribution of diverse sources and filters, or the reflected light from colored samples (inks, color swatches, etc.), that has the same visual impact and didactic benefits of the line sources noted above. This technique was devised as part of inquiry curriculum for the Light and Color class at Bellevue College.
关键词： thin white line screen,light and color,TWLS,spectra,diffraction grating
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Femtosecond diffraction studies of solid and liquid phase changes in shock-compressed bismuth
摘要： Bismuth has long been a prototypical system for investigating phase transformations and melting at high pressure. Despite decades of experimental study, however, the lattice-level response of Bi to rapid (shock) compression and the relationship between structures occurring dynamically and those observed during slow (static) compression, are still not clearly understood. We have determined the structural response of shock-compressed Bi to 68 GPa using femtosecond X-ray diffraction, thereby revealing the phase transition sequence and equation-of-state in unprecedented detail for the first time. We show that shocked-Bi exhibits a marked departure from equilibrium behavior - the incommensurate Bi-III phase is not observed, but rather a new metastable phase, and the Bi-V phase is formed at significantly lower pressures compared to static compression studies. We also directly measure structural changes in a shocked liquid for the first time. These observations reveal new behaviour in the solid and liquid phases of a shocked material and give important insights into the validity of comparing static and dynamic datasets.
关键词： liquid structure,Bismuth,femtosecond X-ray diffraction,metastable phase,shock compression,phase transformations
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Structural, morphological and optical properties of Cu2ZnxFe1-xSnS4 thin films grown by thermal evaporation
摘要： In this study, Cu2ZnxFe1-xSnS4 (CZFTS) (0≤x≤1) thin films were grown under vacuum evaporation on unheated glass substrates followed by sulfurization at 400 °C. The effects of sulfurization on the structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated for CZFTS material by varying Fe content. Crystal structure and phase of CZFTS thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the elemental composition and the stoichiometry of films were studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Surface morphology of samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Optical properties such as absorption coefficient, and gap energies were determined by the measurement of transmittance and reflectance in the spectral range 300-1800 nm. X-ray analysis indicates that all sulfurized CZFTS films present a polycrystalline nature and exhibit a preferential orientation along (112) plane. Cu2FeSnS4 (x=0) and Cu2ZnSnS4 (x=1) crystallize in stannite structure with I-42m and kesterite structure with I-4 space group, respectively. Raman analysis and elemental composition confirm that only the Cu2ZnSnS4 (x=1) and CZ0.75F0.25TS (x=0.75) phases are present with good crystallinity. Transmittance and reflectance spectra revealed that the films are homogenous mostly for x=0.75 and 1. Structural and optical parameters like crystallite size, absorption coefficient and band gaps were estimated for all the x values.
关键词： Sulfurization,Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Copper zinc iron tin sulfide,Evaporation,Thin films
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Time-resolved structure analysis of piezoelectric crystals by X-ray diffraction under alternating electric field
摘要： Rare-earth substitution effects on atomic motions in resonantly vibrating piezoelectric oscillators of langasite-type crystals, namely, La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS) and Nd3Ga5SiO14 (NGS), are revealed by time-resolved X-ray crystal structure analysis under alternating electric fields. Deformations of Ga–O–Ga and Ga–O–Ga/Si bond angles accompanying deformations of RE–O (RE: La or Nd) bond lengths found in LGS are suppressed in NGS. Alternatively, rigid GaO6 octahedra are deformed in NGS. The decreases in RE–O bond lengths and Ga–O–Ga and Ga–O–Ga/Si bond angles caused by the substitution of La by Nd would make the bond lengths and angles more difficult to deform under electric fields; hence, the piezoelectric constants of NGS are smaller than those of LGS.
关键词： rare-earth substitution,piezoelectric crystals,alternating electric field,X-ray diffraction,time-resolved structure analysis
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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On evaluating x-ray imaging crystals with synchrotron radiation
摘要： Bent crystals used in diagnostics of plasmas combine x-rays diffracted from across the crystal. Therefore imperfections in the resulting 1-D spectrum or 2-D image are not the best way to find out why one particular crystal may differ in its performance from another and what, if anything, to do about it. Instead, here we want to measure the diffraction locally, with the necessary resolution. Nominally monochromatic and unidirectional radiation from the synchrotron’s standard x-ray optics proved to be insufficient for the purpose. Here much better radiation comes from the x-ray topography setup at the x-ray optics testing beamline 1-BM at the Advanced Photon Source, thanks to a specially designed quartz conditioning crystal. Some worrisome features in a bent crystal’s diffraction have thereby disappeared, while minor fabrication flaws remain highly visible.
关键词： x-ray imaging,diffraction,synchrotron radiation,plasma diagnostics,bent crystals
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Re(I) complexes of pyridyl-phosphinines and 2,2’-bipyridine derivatives: A comparison study
摘要： The coordination chemistry of 2-(2’-pyridyl)-4,6-diarylphosphinines towards Re(I) has been investigated and compared to the structurally analogous 2,2’-bipyridine derivatives. The different steric properties of the chelating pyridyl-phosphinines with respect to substituted bipyridines lead to considerable differences in the structures of the mononuclear [(P?N)Re(CO)3X] and [(N?N)Re(CO)3X] (X = Cl, Br) complexes, both in the solid state and in solution. The phosphinine-based coordination compounds are highly sensitive towards nucleophilic attack and react reversibly with water at the P=C double bond.
关键词： Heterocycles,Coordination Chemistry,Phosphorus,P,N-Ligands,X-Ray Diffraction
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46