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Solmap: Project In India's Solar Resource Assessment
摘要： India launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in 2009, which aims to set up 20 000 MW of grid connected solar power, besides 2 000 MW equivalent of off-grid applications and cumulative growth of solar thermal collector area to 20 million m2 by 2022. Availability of reliable and accurate solar radiation data is crucial to achieve the targets. As a result of this initiative, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of Government of India (GoI) has awarded a project to Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai in the year 2011 to set up 51 Solar Radiation Resource Assessment (SRRA) stations using the state-of-the-art equipment in various parts of the country, especially the sites with high potential for solar power. The GoI project has synergy with SolMap project, which is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in cooperation with the MNRE. SolMap project is contributing to SRRA project in establishing quality checks on the data obtained as per International protocols and helping data processing to generate investment grade data. The paper highlights the details of SRRA stations and an attempt has been made to present some of the important results of quality control and data analysis with respect to GHI and DNI. While our analysis of the data over one year finds that intensity and profile of the insolation are not uniform across the geographic regions, the variability in DNI is particularly high. Strong influence of monsoon is also identified. SRRA infrastructure aims to develop investment grade solar radiation resource information to assist project activities under the National Solar Mission of India.
关键词： DNI,solar radiation,pyrheliometer,GHI,resource assessment,India
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Evaluation of the reliability of solar micro-grids in emerging markets – Issues and solutions
摘要： One of the most important technical features of a power system is its ability to deliver electricity reliably to the customers. Based on interviews with 12 energy service companies (ESCO) currently operating solar micro-grids in northern rural India, this study identified important factors related to technical design, customer behaviour and operations and management (O&M) that may result in contingencies in service. In addition, the study presents companies' innovative solutions to overcome these problems. Initially, the interview method allowed only a rough qualitative comparison of different reliability levels as the availability of comparable data was limited. We found that a more descriptive method for reliability assessment would create equally valuable information on renewable off-grid energy projects. We propose a simple framework for assessing reliability that highlights the particular features of off-grid areas in developing countries.
关键词： Reliability,Micro-grid,Energy systems in developing countries,India,Technical sustainability,Reliability assessment
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Illuminating homes with LEDs in India: Rapid market creation towards low-carbon technology transition in a developing country
摘要： Near-term climate change mitigation calls for technological innovation and widespread implementation of appropriate technologies. This is salient in emerging economies, where impending socio-economic and infrastructural transitions hold immense potential for locking-in low-carbon development pathways. Yet, little is understood about how developing countries can scale appropriate technology transitions, given their often underdeveloped technological innovation capabilities and supporting infrastructures and finances. This paper examines a recent, rapid, and ongoing transition of India's lighting market to light emitting diode (LED) technology, from a negligible market share to LEDs becoming the dominant lighting products within five years, despite the country's otherwise limited visibility in the global solid-state lighting industry. Annual sales of LED bulbs grew more than 130 times to over 650 million bulbs between 2014–2018, with over 30 billion kWh of estimated annual energy savings. Focusing on this striking story of technology transition, this paper analyzes India's LED uptake using semi-structured interviews and drawing on the technology innovation systems literature. The results show that the success of transition coexists with its share of shortfalls, and that there is an important tension between the lowering of upfront costs of low-carbon technologies and the efforts to enhance domestic technological capabilities. The paper discusses the results for the Indian LED case and emphasizes the importance of consistent strategic action taking into account all (and not limited) parts of the technology innovation system, while also providing insights on how mitigation technologies can be developed and deployed in developing countries.
关键词： Technology innovation systems,Light emitting diode (LED),Developing countries,India,Solid state lighting,Climate change mitigation,Energy efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Impact of compensation mechanisms for PV generation on residential consumers and shared net metering model for developing nations: a case study of India
摘要： The present work examines the impact on consumer electricity bills under five different cases designed on different compensation mechanisms to evaluate PV generation units for 120 residential consumers in Kharagpur, West Bengal, for assessing the pertinence of energy policy to be introduced for encouraging rooftop PV in India. The consumers are categorized based on their lifestyles. It is found that lower the size of the panel, lower is the savings leading to a decrease in the attractiveness of a rooftop PV system for a residential consumer. Also, the compensation mechanism and injection tariff play a crucial role in making a rooftop PV system feasible for a residential consumer. It is observed that the achieved savings of a consumer is a function of compensation mechanism and seasonal load pattern of a consumer. A shared distributed net metering model is proposed as an alternative to the individual rooftop PV systems, to mitigate the issues related to shading, land and financial feasibility of a PV system for small residential consumers. The results of the simulation analysis based on the model indicate a high positive net present value and an acceptable payback period, which makes the model feasible. The proposed model is found to be more scalable and economically viable for a developing nation like India. Net metering policy, being in its nascent stage in India, needs to be revisited to incorporate innovative tools and mechanisms to deliver the goods to the large section of the population.
关键词： PV compensation mechanism,Shared Net Metering Models,India,Residential consumer,Net Metering Policy
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Reliable energy prediction method for grid connected photovoltaic power plants situated in hot and dry climatic condition
摘要： This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the energy generation of photovoltaic power plant in hot and humid climatic condition. This model is based on meteorological data and laboratory tested solar module parameters with twenty-four inputs and one output. In addition the twenty-four inputs drive an equation to calculate final energy generation from photovoltaic power plant. Validation of the proposed model was done by comparing the results of predicted energy generation using proposed model and PVWATT software model for two existing PV power plants of India. Monthly and annual energy production and errors will be the main criteria for the selection of batter model. The result shows that in comparison with PVWATT software proposed model was found to be more efficient and accurate to predict energy generation and proposed model also reduces mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error significantly compared to PVWATT software for hot and humid climatic condition.
关键词： PV power plant,Climatic condition,India,Mathematical method,Prediction model,Energy generation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Analysis of Field Degradation Rates Observed in All-India Survey of Photovoltaic Module Reliability 2018
摘要： The analysis of performance degradation in photovoltaic (PV) modules with c-Si technologies as observed in the All-India Survey of PV Module Reliability 2018 is presented in this article. The degradation rates are correlated with the module age, system size, mounting configuration, and climate of deployment. Key failure modes responsible for the higher degradation rates seen in certain sites are identified using visual, infrared, and electroluminescence imaging. Potential-induced degradation is found to be the key mechanism responsible for higher degradation rates seen in Young sites. Also, deployment in hot climates and rooftops is seen to accelerate degradation. Multipoint analysis of degradation rates is presented at sites inspected in prior All-India Surveys.
关键词： potential-induced degradation (PID),All-India Survey,solar photovoltaic (PV),light-induced degradation (LID),field survey,silicon,reliability,degradation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Solar Energy, dc Distribution, and Microgrids: Ensuring Quality Power in Rural India
摘要： Ensuring quality power in rural India. As the Leisang village in Manipur received electricity in April 2018, the prime minister of India announced that every Indian village is now electrified. A village is considered electrified in India when 10% of its homes receive electricity. However, the number of village homes that have electricity has now reached 84%, with some 41 million households still without power. This village-electrification program has been going on for many years. Until a few years back, there was a large shortage of power with power demand exceeding supply, leading to no/a weak push to extend the grid to the village. Over the last few years, when more coal power plants became operational, the supply strengthened. At the same time, the energy costs for the solar and wind power-attained grid parity, enabling the addition of significant renewable power. Simultaneously, the power grid was strengthened, and India attained a single national grid on 31 December 2013, such that power generated in surplus areas could be transported to deficit regions. All of this helped in surplus power generation because the demand did not pick up much in recent years. The social obligation to extend the electric grid to each village and then to at least 10% of its homes no longer had a fundamental bottleneck. The target-driven approach of the prime minister’s office helped to expedite the effort.
关键词： dc Distribution,Rural Electrification,Solar Energy,India,Microgrids
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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A National Certification Scheme to Enhance Trust and Quality in the Indian Residential Solar PV Market
摘要： India has recently committed to install 100 GW of solar power by 2022, the principal component of its climate policy agenda. But the pace of solar adoption in the residential rooftop sector—the success of which is important for local job creation and sustaining political support for India’s broader climate goals—has been sluggish, notwithstanding government efforts to jumpstart the market. At the core of the residential solar market’s dysfunction is a negative spiral of low-quality solar installations and consumer distrust that fuel one another. Quality and trust are essential drivers of successful technology diffusion, and the emergence of trusted brands can drive a virtuous cycle rather than a vicious one. A promising solution to enable a virtuous cycle is a third-party certification scheme, which could instill trust in consumers by designating solar providers with a proven track record and competent technicians. India’s government should implement a voluntary, two-level certification scheme that accredits individual technicians as well as solar providers and makes the certifications publicly available. If the government can leverage best practices from around the world, avoid over-regulation, and deter corruption, then India’s residential solar market could finally take off.
关键词： Consumer Behavior,Third-party certification,Residential solar,Information asymmetry,Diffusion of Innovation,Energy in India
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Design, Development & Functional Validation of Magnets system in support of 42 GHz Gyrotron in India
摘要： A multi institutional initiative is underway towards the development of 42 GHz, 200 kW gyrotron system in India under the frame work of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Indigenous realization comprising of design, fabrication, prototypes and functional validations of an appropriate Magnet System is one of the primary technological objective of these initiatives. The 42 GHz gyrotron magnet system comprises of a warm gun magnet, a NbTi/Cu based high homogenous superconducting cavity magnet and three warm collector magnets. The superconducting cavity magnet has been housed inside a low loss cryostat. The magnet system has been designed in accordance with gyrotron physics and engineering considerations respecting highly homogenous spatial field profile as well as maintaining steep gradient as per the compression and velocity ratios between the emission and resonator regions. The designed magnet system further ensures the co-linearity of the magnetic axis with that of the beam axis with custom winding techniques apart from a smooth collection of beam with the collector magnet profiles. The designed magnets have been wound after several R & D validations. The superconducting magnet has been housed inside a low loss designed cryostat with in-built radial and axial alignment flexibilities to certain extent. The cryostat further houses liquid helium port, liquid nitrogen ports, current communication ports, ports for monitoring helium level and other instrumentations apart from over-pressure safety intensive burst disks etc. The entire magnet system comprising of warm and superconducting magnets has been installed and integrated in the Gyrotron test set-up. The magnet system has been aligned in both warm and when the superconducting cavity magnet is cold. The integrated geometric axes have been experimentally ensured as well as the field profiles have been measured with the magnets being charged. Under experimental conditions, all magnets including the superconducting magnet have been charged to their nominal values with appropriate protection measures against the quench. This is the first time in India that a gyrotron specific magnet system with superconducting magnet has been realized.
关键词： India,Superconducting Magnet,42 GHz Gyrotron,Gyrotron Test Set-up,Magnet System
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Deriving forest fire probability maps from the fusion of visible/infrared satellite data and geospatial data mining
摘要： Information on fire probability is of vital importance to environmental and ecological studies as well as to fire management. This study aimed at comparing two forest fire probability mapping techniques, one based primarily on freely distributed EO (Earth observation) data from Landsat imagery, and another one based purely on GIS modeling. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) computed from Landsat data was used to detect the high fire severity and probability area based on the NBR difference between pre- and post-fire conditions. The GIS-based modeling was based on a multi criterion evaluation technique, into which other attributes like anthropogenic and natural sources were also incorporated. The ability of both techniques to map forest fire probability was evaluated for a region in India, for which suitable ancillary data had been previously acquired to support a rigorous validation. Subsequently, a conceptual framework for the prediction of high fire probability zones in an area based on a newly introduced herein data fusion technique was constructed. Overall, the EO-based technique was found to be the most suitable option, since it required less computational time and resources in comparison to the GIS-based modeling approach. Furthermore, the fusion approach offered an appropriate path for developing a forest fire probability identification model for long-term pragmatic conservation of forests. The potential fusion of these two modeling approaches may provide information that can be useful to forest fire mitigation policy makers, and assist at conservation and resilience practices.
关键词： Multi criteria evaluation,India,Geographical information systems,Normalize burn ratio,Data fusion,Forest fire,Remote sensing
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14