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Environmental Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Technologies: Assessment of the Status Quo and Future Prospects Based on a Meta-Analysis of Life-Cycle Assessment Studies
摘要： Emerging photovoltaic technologies are expected to have lower environmental impacts during their life cycle due to their extremely thin-film technology and resulting material savings. The environmental impacts of four emerging photovoltaics were investigated based on a meta-analysis of life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies, comprising a systematic review and harmonization approach of five key indicators to describe the environmental status quo and future prospects. The status quo was analyzed based on a material-related functional unit of 1 watt-peak of the photovoltaic cell. For future prospects, the functional unit of 1 kWh of generated electricity was used, including assumptions on the use phase, notably on the lifetime. The results of the status quo show that organic photovoltaic technology is the most mature emerging photovoltaic technology with a competitive environmental performance, while perovskites have a low performance, attributed to the early stage of development and inefficient manufacturing on the laboratory scale. The results of future prospects identified improvements of efficiency, lifetime, and manufacturing with regard to environmental performance based on sensitivity and scenario analyses. The developed harmonization approach supports the use of LCA in the early stages of technology development in a structured way to reduce uncertainty and extract significant information during development.
关键词： perovskite solar cell,life-cycle assessment,harmonization,Meta-analysis,organic photovoltaic,emerging technology
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC <sub/>71</sub> BM-based organic photovoltaic cells
摘要： Herein, we report the synthesis of nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide (FeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) using a two-pot method. Moreover, we study the influence of these NCs incorporated into the PTB7:PC71BM active layer of bulk-heterojunction ternary organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The OPV devices are fabricated with the direct configuration glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTB7:PC71BM:FeS2/PFN/FM. The Field’s metal (FM) is a eutectic alloy composed of 32.5% Bi, 51% In and 16.5% Sn by weight that melts at 62 °C. It is deposited on the active layer/PFN under atmospheric conditions. Ternary active layers are prepared by adding small amounts of the semiconducting FeS2 NCs at different weight ratios of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt % with respect to the electron donor PTB7. With respect to the reference device (without FeS2), a 21% increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is observed for OPVs with 0.5 wt % FeS2, such that the PCE of the OPVs is enhanced from 5.69 to 6.47%. According to the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney statistical tests, all OPV devices follow the same trend.
关键词： iron disulfide,nanoparticles,pyrite,organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs),PTB7
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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New dielectric/metal/dielectric electrode for organic photovoltaic cells using Cu:Al alloy as metal
摘要： Given the rapidly increasing demand for flexible and inexpensive optoelectronic devices, it is necessary to find a substitute for ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). Among the considered alternatives, we have chosen in the present work Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (D/M/D) trilayer structures deposited under vacuum. In these D/M/D structures, when Ag is the metal, highly performing and stable Transparent Conductive Electrodes (TCEs) are obtained. When Ag is replaced by Cu, which is far less expensive, results are not similar due to the tendency of Cu to diffuse into the transition metal oxides. Therefore we improve the stability of the new TCEs by using the Cu alloy Cu:Ag in ZnS/M/WO3 structures. The best results were obtained when M = Cu:Ag (16 nm)/Ag (1 nm). Flexible and quite stable TCEs were obtained. These new TCEs are conductive and transparent with a figure of merit of 6.5 x 10-3?-1 and a quite small Root Mean Squared Roughnessis (RMS = 1.1 nm). Therefore, they were introduced as anode in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). In the same time, ZnS/Ag/TiO2 TCE were probed. These ZnS/Ag/TiO2 structures were transparent and conductive with optical and electrical performances similar to those of ITO, but, when used as anode, the OPVs performances were limited by the presence of Ag at the surface of the structures. In the other hand, the results obtained with ZnS/M/WO3 structures were very promising with an open circuit voltage, Voc, and a short circuit current, Jsc, whose values are slightly higher than those obtained with ITO. Nevertheless the fill factor FF is sensibly smaller, which is attributed to the presence of some Cu at the surface of the electrode.
关键词： Cu:Ag alloy,Transparent conductive electrode,organic photovoltaic cells,dielectric-metal-dielectric structures,Indium free electrode
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A quantum dot-silica composite as an efficient spectral converter in a luminescent down-shifting layer of organic photovoltaic devices
摘要： We developed a gradient quantum dot (QD)@polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-silica composite as a spectral converter to improve light harvesting of the photoactive layer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. The spectral converter prepared by a simple sol–gel method served as a luminescent down-shifting (LDS) layer that absorbed ultraviolet and emitted visible light. Re-emitted light energy from the LDS layer appeared within the absorption range of the photoactive donor material of P3HT in the OPV devices. We investigated how the light harvesting ability was affected by the concentration of QD@PVP and the thickness of the LDS layer. The OPV devices with the LDS layer showed increased power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.38% to 3.68% compared to pristine OPV devices due to improved incident light transmittance and increased light harvesting.
关键词： spectral converter,organic photovoltaic devices,silica composite,quantum dot,luminescent down-shifting
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Functional Transformation of Four-Bladed Rylene Propellers Utilizing Non-Metal and d <sup>8</sup> Metal Core Shifting Strategy: Significant Impact on Photovoltaic Performance and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity
摘要： Two kinds of four-bladed perylene diimide (PDI) propellers with d8 metal and non-metal cores are efficiently synthesized. The Ni-PDI, Pd-PDI, and Pt-PDI propellers, equipped with d8 metal cores, have two absorption bands at 350-650 nm and 780-1200 nm with deep LUMO levels of -4.40 eV to -4.51 eV. The TTF-PDI, QU-PDI, and PH-PDI propellers with non-metal cores have only one absorption band at 350-650 nm with upshifted LUMO levels. Interestingly, the organic photovoltaic (OPV) results show that reducing the intramolecular charge traps between the blade and core subunits of the PDI propellers can effectively improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The device based on the QU-PDI acceptor exhibits a PCE that is up to more than 300 times higher (9.33%) than that of the d8 metal core PDI propellers (Pd-PDI, PCE=0.03%), which is one of the best photovoltaic performances with an excellent fill factor (FF=71.8%) exhibited by PDI-derivative acceptors. Conversely, the electro-catalytic H2 evolution activity of Pt-PDI (current destiny =10.00 mA/cm2 at -0.377 V), which exhibited a record performance for PDI-based catalysts to date, is up to 1000 times greater than that of the non-metal core PDI propellers (QU-PDI, 0.01 mA/cm2 at -0.377 V). Our results indicate that both highly efficient OPV and electrochemical H2 evolution catalysts can be achieved via the rational functionalization of PDI propellers with non-metal and d8 metal cores.
关键词： d8 metal cores,electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution,non-metal cores,organic photovoltaic (OPV),perylene diimide (PDI)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes induced exciton dissociation improvement on hybrid organic photovoltaic devices
摘要： Torch-plasma-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are integrated with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a fullerene derivative 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl) propyl-1-phenyl[6,6]C61 (PCBM) as a hybrid photoactive layer for bulk heterojunction solar cell devices. We demonstrate that molecular information could be accurately obtained by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry through the hybrid organic photoactive solar cell layers when sputtering is performed using a Cs+ 2000 eV ion source. Furthermore, the photovoltaic (PV) performance of the fabricated devices show an increase in the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and the fill factor (FF) as compared to the pristine devices fabricated without SWCNTs. The best results are obtained with 0.5 wt. % SWCNT loads, where an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 660 mV is achieved, with a Jsc of 9.95 mA cm?2 and a FF of 54%, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 3.54% (measured at standard test conditions, AM1.5 g). At this optimum SWCNT concentration of 0.5 wt. %, and to further understand the charge-transfer mechanisms taking place at the interfaces of P3HT:PCBM:SWCNT, Jsc is measured with respect to the light intensity and shows a linear dependency (in the double logarithmic scale), which implies that losses in the charge carrier are rather governed by monomolecular recombination. Finally, our results show that our hybrid devices benefit from the fullerene electron accepting nature and from the SWCNT fast electron transportation feature that improve substantially the exciton dissociation efficiency. The influence of the SWCNTs on the Fermi level and the work function of the photoactive composite and its impact on the PV performance is also investigated.
关键词： single-walled carbon nanotubes,bulk heterojunction,PCBM,hybrid organic photovoltaic devices,photovoltaic performance,P3HT,exciton dissociation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Ester-substituted Pentathiophene Copolymer based Sky-blue Semitransparent Solar Cells for Building Windows
摘要： For oligothiophene-based donor polymers, the reports of pentathiophene are rare, while other oligothiophene (bi-, ter- and quaterthiophene) have been broadly studied. Here, we synthesized one wide-band-gap (1.88 eV) polymer PFTzTT-3TC, based on ester-substituted pentathiophene and benzotriazole. PFTzTT-3TC: ITIC (1.0:1.0) -based polymer photovoltaic cells exhibited best PCE of 8.21% and Voc of 0.90 V without additive (such as DIO, 1-CN) or post-treatment. These are the highest PCE and Voc for ester-substituted pentathiophene-based devices to date. Furthermore, semitransparent polymer photovoltaic cells with an active blend of PFTzTT-3TC: ITIC (1.0:1.0) demonstrate a similar Voc of 0.89V and a PCE of 6.43% with an AVT of 26.77% and an AT of 30.58% and CIE (0.25, 0.21). The sky-blue of semitransparent devices is useful for photosynthesis in plants and visual comfort in human and make it suitble for building windows.
关键词： benzotriazole,ester-substituted pentathiophene,organic photovoltaic,building windows,semitransparent polymer photovoltaic cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Investigation on voltage loss in organic triplet photovoltaic devices based on Ir complexes
摘要： Voltage losses in singlet material-based organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) have been intensively studied, whereas, only a few investigations on triplet material-based OPVs (T-OPVs) are reported. To investigate the voltage loss in T-OPVs, two homoleptic iridium(III) complexes based on extended p-conjugated benzo[g]phthalazine ligands, Ir(Ftbpa)3 and Ir(FOtbpa)3, are synthesized as sole electron donors. T-OPVs are fabricated by mixing two donors with phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as an electron acceptor. Insertion of oxygen-bridges as flexible inert d-spacers in Ir(FOtbpa)3 has slightly elevated both the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the highest occupied molecular orbital levels compared to those of Ir(Ftbpa)3, which results in a lower charge transfer (CT) state energy (ECT) for Ir(FOtbpa)3-based devices. However, a higher Voc (0.88 V) is observed for Ir(FOtbpa)3-based devices than those of Ir(Ftbpa)3 (0.80 V). To understand the above result, the morphologies of the two blend films are studied, which excludes the influence of morphology. Furthermore, radiative and non-radiative recombination in two devices is quantitatively investigated, which suggests that a higher Voc can be attributed to reduced radiative and non-radiative recombination loss for the Ir(FOtbpa)3-based devices.
关键词： charge transfer state energy,organic photovoltaic devices,triplet material-based OPVs,radiative and non-radiative recombination,iridium(III) complexes,voltage loss
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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New organic molecular based on Bis-Dipolar Diphenylamino-EndcappedOligo Aryl Fluorene Application for organic solar cells
摘要： In this work, we report on the structural, optical and electronic properties of a series of D-π-A-π-D type bis-dipolar Diphenylamino-Endcappedoligoarylfluorenes, (OF(2)Ar-NPh(2)). These molecules are studied by means of quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP functional with 6-31G(d,p) for all atoms and all states (ground and excited ). The study of the geometrical parameters, ground state (p, n) showed that the structures of these molecules are planar. As a result, the electronic properties HOMOs, LUMOs, energy gaps, were determined from the fully optimized structures. The absorption of these molecules were calculated using (TD-DFT)-B3LYP/631G (d,p) method. This fundamental information is a valuable data in designing and making promising materials for optoelectronic applications.
关键词： Optoelectronic applications,DFT,Organic,Photovoltaic cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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High Open‐Circuit Voltage Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated Using an Alkylidene Fluorene Derivative as a Non‐fullerene Acceptor
摘要： Alkylidene ?uorene-based molecular acceptors, AF-T-INCN and AF-T8-INCN, are synthesized for use in non-fullerene organic photovoltaics. Both AF-T-INCN and AF-T8-INCN exhibited absorption region from 400 to 700 nm in their neat ?lm states. Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels were found to be ?5.79/?3.80 eV for AF-T-INCN and ? 5.82/?3.79 eV for AT-T8-INCN, respectively. The organic solar cell devices fabricated with AF-T-INCN exhibited relatively low device performances with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.25 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) 0.47 mA/cm2, a ?ll factor (FF) 29%, and power conversion ef?ciency (PCE) 0.03%, because of its strong aggregation in the blending condition. In contrast, AF-T8-INCN exhibited increased solubility and improved device performances with a high VOC of 1.24 V, a JSC 2.18 mA/cm2, a FF 28%, and PCE 0.76%.
关键词： Organic photovoltaic cells,Non-fullerene acceptor,Alkylidene ?uorene
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22